Internationalization: 7 languages with live switching

Custom signal-based runtime (no i18n dependency): shared src/shared/i18n
dictionaries, ui I18nService.t() reactive by construction so language
switches live, and a backend i18n.ts for native menus + thrown errors.
Every user-facing string keyed across templates, toasts, dialogs, file
kinds, columns, macOS menu/context menus, and errors. Language picker in
Options (auto-detects OS locale, falls back to English); switching
relabels the webview and native chrome instantly. English/Spanish/French/
German fully drafted; Chinese/Japanese/Basque drafted, flagged for native
review. Docs updated.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/architecture.md

@@ -154,7 +154,14 @@ would float over editor windows).
   remembered (`FileActionsService.menuTarget`). Labels are per-platform.
 - `menu.ts` — macOS-only app menu, rebuilt on every connections change (the
   Connect submenu mirrors the store). ⌘W is intercepted by the menu, so bun
-  routes `close-tab` to the focused editor window first.
+  routes `close-tab` to the focused editor window first. Labels go through
+  backend `i18n.t` and the menu is rebuilt on a locale change too.
+- `i18n.ts` — backend translator (native menus + thrown error messages, which
+  no Angular service can reach). `setLocale(setting)` caches the resolved
+  locale (from `settings.locale`, `system` via `Intl…resolvedOptions().locale`);
+  `t(key, params)` shares the same `src/shared/i18n` dictionaries as the UI.
+  Wired in index.ts on boot and on `settingsChanged` (relocalizes + rebuilds
+  the app menu). `context-menu.ts` labels resolve through `t()` at show-time.
 - `tray.ts` — static icon, click = activate main. macOS template image;
   Windows colored icon. No `setImage` calls ever (they lose the template
   treatment) and no menu (clicks arrive directly).
@@ -202,6 +209,15 @@ would float over editor windows).
   (whose constructor spawns a workspace — fatal in secondary windows).
 - `connections.service.ts` — store mirror + ssh-config hosts; reloads on the
   `connectionsChanged` push.
+- `i18n.service.ts` — runtime translator. `locale` signal + `t('ns.key', params)`
+  (dotted lookup, `{param}` interpolation, `{one,other}` plural maps via
+  `Intl.PluralRules`); missing keys fall back to English then the raw key.
+  **Reactive by design**: `t()` reads the `locale` signal, so every template
+  binding that calls it re-renders live on a language switch (same call-stack
+  tracking as `iconClass`) — no pipe. Also exposes locale-aware `date()`/`size()`
+  /`speed()` so the file list reformats on switch. `SettingsService.applyLocale`
+  resolves the `locale` setting (`system` → `navigator.language`) into it, on
+  boot and on the `settingsChanged` broadcast (so editor/manager windows follow).
 - `file-actions.service.ts` — toolbar/keyboard/context-menu file ops, always
   against an explicit panel; `menuTarget` remembers the right-clicked row.
 - `file-icons.ts` — extension → category map driving glyphs, colors

docs/gotchas.md

@@ -85,6 +85,25 @@ touching the adjacent code.
   don't shrink the 400 ms debounce.
 - `panel.touched` gates localDir auto-navigation; `connectToken` guards
   against a slow connect resolving into a panel the user already reused.
+
+## i18n
+
+- **Translations live in `src/shared/i18n/*.ts` (TS, not JSON)** — deliberate:
+  it sidesteps `resolveJsonModule` differences between the Angular esbuild and
+  Bun builds and gives full typing. `en.ts` is the source of truth; other
+  locales are partial and fall back to English then the raw key.
+- **`i18n.t()` is reactive because it reads the `locale` signal** — that's what
+  makes live language switching work with no pipe. If you cache a translated
+  string in a plain field it WON'T update on switch; call `t()` in the template
+  (or in a signal-reading getter) instead. Same for `i18n.date()/size()`.
+- Dictionary values are TS string literals: **French/other apostrophes break
+  single-quoted entries** (`'…c'est…'`). Use double quotes for any value
+  containing an apostrophe. Plurals are `{ one, other }` maps (not ICU strings);
+  zh/ja supply only `other`.
+- **Native menus can't use the Angular service** — `menu.ts`/`context-menu.ts`
+  go through backend `i18n.ts`, and the app menu must be rebuilt when the locale
+  changes (wired in index.ts `settingsChanged`), or it keeps the old language.
+- `eu`/`zh`/`ja` are AI drafts pending native review (see the i18n README).
 - **Silent auto-refresh must snapshot sessionId+cwd and discard a mismatched
   result.** A normal `refresh()` is masked by `busy` (input blocked), but the
   silent variant (poll/watch) runs while the user can navigate — without the

src/bun/context-menu.ts

@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
 import { ContextMenu, Utils, type ApplicationMenuItemConfig } from "electrobun/bun";
 import type { ColumnKey } from "../shared/types";
+import { t } from "./i18n";
 
 /** Optional list columns, in display order (Name is fixed). */
-const COLUMNS: { key: ColumnKey; label: string }[] = [
-	{ key: "size", label: "Size" },
-	{ key: "mtime", label: "Modified" },
-	{ key: "kind", label: "Kind" },
-	{ key: "rights", label: "Rights" },
-	{ key: "owner", label: "Owner" },
-	{ key: "group", label: "Group" },
-];
+const COLUMN_KEYS: ColumnKey[] = ["size", "mtime", "kind", "rights", "owner", "group"];
 
-// PORTABILITY: shell-integration wording per OS
+// PORTABILITY: shell-integration wording per OS (resolved at show() for locale)
 const IS_WIN = process.platform === "win32";
-const REVEAL_LABEL =
+const revealLabel = (): string =>
+	t(
 		process.platform === "darwin"
-		? "Reveal in Finder"
+			? "ctx.revealFinder"
 			: IS_WIN
-			? "Show in Explorer"
-			: "Show in File Manager";
-const TRASH_LABEL = IS_WIN ? "Move to Recycle Bin" : "Move to Trash";
+				? "ctx.revealExplorer"
+				: "ctx.revealFileManager",
+	);
+const trashLabel = (): string => t(IS_WIN ? "ctx.moveToRecycleBin" : "ctx.moveToTrash");
 
 export interface RowMenuContext {
 	path: string;
@@ -75,8 +71,8 @@ export class PanelContextMenu {
 	/** Column picker for the list headers: checkable toggles per column. */
 	showColumns(visible: ColumnKey[]): void {
 		ContextMenu.showContextMenu(
-			COLUMNS.map(({ key, label }) => ({
-				label,
+			COLUMN_KEYS.map((key) => ({
+				label: t(`columns.${key}`),
 				action: `col:${key}`,
 				checked: visible.includes(key),
 			})),
@@ -88,47 +84,45 @@ export class PanelContextMenu {
 
 		if (!ctx.hasEntry || ctx.name === "..") {
 			// empty space (or the parent row): folder-level actions
-			items.push({ label: "New Folder", action: "ctx-new-folder" });
-			items.push({ label: "New File", action: "ctx-new-file" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.newFolder"), action: "ctx-new-folder" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.newFile"), action: "ctx-new-file" });
 			items.push({ type: "separator" });
-			items.push({ label: "Refresh", action: "ctx-refresh" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.refresh"), action: "ctx-refresh" });
 			if (ctx.isLocal) {
 				items.push({ type: "separator" });
-				items.push({ label: REVEAL_LABEL, action: "ctx-reveal" });
+				items.push({ label: revealLabel(), action: "ctx-reveal" });
 			}
 			return items;
 		}
 
 		if (ctx.type === "dir") {
-			items.push({ label: "Open", action: "ctx-open" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.open"), action: "ctx-open" });
 		} else {
 			if (ctx.isLocal) {
-				items.push({ label: "Open", action: "ctx-open-default", tooltip: "Open with the default application" });
+				items.push({ label: t("ctx.open"), action: "ctx-open-default", tooltip: t("ctx.openDefault") });
 			}
-			items.push({ label: "Edit", action: "ctx-edit", accelerator: "e" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.edit"), action: "ctx-edit", accelerator: "e" });
 		}
-		items.push({ label: "Copy to Other Panel", action: "ctx-copy" });
-		items.push({ label: "Rename", action: "ctx-rename" });
+		items.push({ label: t("ctx.copyToOther"), action: "ctx-copy" });
+		items.push({ label: t("ctx.rename"), action: "ctx-rename" });
 		// chmod on Windows local files only flips the read-only bit — hide the lie
 		if (!(ctx.isLocal && IS_WIN)) {
-			items.push({ label: "Permissions", action: "ctx-chmod" });
+			items.push({ label: t("ctx.permissions"), action: "ctx-chmod" });
 		}
 		items.push({ type: "separator" });
-		items.push({ label: "Copy Path", action: "ctx-copy-path" });
+		items.push({ label: t("ctx.copyPath"), action: "ctx-copy-path" });
 		if (ctx.isLocal) {
-			items.push({ label: REVEAL_LABEL, action: "ctx-reveal" });
+			items.push({ label: revealLabel(), action: "ctx-reveal" });
 		}
 		items.push({ type: "separator" });
 		if (ctx.isLocal) {
 			items.push({
-				label: TRASH_LABEL,
+				label: trashLabel(),
 				action: "ctx-trash",
-				...(process.platform === "darwin"
-					? { tooltip: "Finder's Restore is not available for items trashed from here" }
-					: {}),
+				...(process.platform === "darwin" ? { tooltip: t("ctx.trashTooltip") } : {}),
 			});
 		}
-		items.push({ label: "Delete", action: "ctx-delete" });
+		items.push({ label: t("ctx.delete"), action: "ctx-delete" });
 		return items;
 	}
 }

src/bun/fs/registry.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from "../i18n";
 import { LocalProvider } from "./local";
 import type { FileSystemProvider } from "./provider";
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ export class SessionRegistry {
 
 	get(sessionId: string): FileSystemProvider {
 		const provider = this.sessions.get(sessionId);
-		if (!provider) throw new Error(`Session "${sessionId}" is not connected`);
+		if (!provider) throw new Error(t("errors.sessionNotConnected", { id: sessionId }));
 		return provider;
 	}
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ export class SessionRegistry {
 
 	async remove(sessionId: string): Promise<void> {
 		if (sessionId === LOCAL_SESSION_ID)
-			throw new Error("The local session cannot be disconnected");
+			throw new Error(t("errors.localCannotDisconnect"));
 		const provider = this.sessions.get(sessionId);
 		if (!provider) return;
 		this.sessions.delete(sessionId);

src/bun/fs/sftp.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { Client, type ConnectConfig, type SFTPWrapper } from "ssh2";
 import type { ConnectionConfig, EntryType, FileEntry } from "../../shared/types";
+import { t } from "../i18n";
 import { expandTilde } from "../store/ssh-config";
 import type { FileSystemProvider } from "./provider";
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ export class SftpProvider implements FileSystemProvider {
 				connectConfig.password = config.auth.password;
 				break;
 			case "agent":
-				if (!agentSock) throw new Error("ssh-agent not available (SSH_AUTH_SOCK is not set)");
+				if (!agentSock) throw new Error(t("errors.sshAgentUnavailable"));
 				connectConfig.agent = agentSock;
 				break;
 			case "key": {
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ export class SftpProvider implements FileSystemProvider {
 					connectConfig.privateKey = readFileSync(expandTilde(config.auth.privateKeyPath));
 				} catch {
 					if (!agentSock)
-						throw new Error(`identity file not found: ${config.auth.privateKeyPath}`);
+						throw new Error(t("errors.identityFileNotFound", { path: config.auth.privateKeyPath }));
 				}
 				if (config.auth.passphrase) connectConfig.passphrase = config.auth.passphrase;
 				else if (agentSock) connectConfig.agent = agentSock;

src/bun/i18n.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { DICTS, type Messages, resolveLocale } from "../shared/i18n";
+import type { AppSettings, SupportedLocale } from "../shared/types";
+
+// Backend-side translator for the native menus and thrown error messages
+// (the Angular I18nService can't reach OS chrome). The locale is cached and
+// refreshed from settings (see index.ts wiring); no signals here.
+let locale: SupportedLocale = "en";
+
+/** OS locale for the "system" setting, e.g. "es-ES" -> resolves to "es". */
+function osLocale(): string {
+	try {
+		return new Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().locale;
+	} catch {
+		return "en";
+	}
+}
+
+export function setLocale(setting: AppSettings["locale"]): void {
+	locale = resolveLocale(setting, osLocale());
+}
+
+function lookup(dict: Messages, key: string): string | undefined {
+	let node: string | Messages | undefined = dict;
+	for (const part of key.split(".")) {
+		if (typeof node !== "object") return undefined;
+		node = node[part];
+	}
+	return typeof node === "string" ? node : undefined;
+}
+
+/** Translate a key with {name} interpolation; falls back to English then the key. */
+export function t(key: string, params?: Record<string, string | number>): string {
+	const value = lookup(DICTS[locale], key) ?? lookup(DICTS.en, key) ?? key;
+	if (!params) return value;
+	return value.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (_, name: string) =>
+		name in params ? String(params[name]) : `{${name}}`,
+	);
+}

src/bun/index.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { EditorWindows } from "./editor-windows";
 import { SessionRegistry } from "./fs/registry";
 import { LocalDirWatcher } from "./fs/watcher";
 import { ManagerWindow } from "./manager-window";
+import { setLocale as setBackendLocale } from "./i18n";
 import { applyApplicationMenu } from "./menu";
 import { createAppRPC } from "./rpc-handlers";
 import { ConnectionStore } from "./store/connections";
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ const url = await getMainViewUrl();
 // window's preload so the first paint is already themed (no flash). Kept
 // fresh via the saveSettings flow below.
 let currentSettings = await settings.load();
+setBackendLocale(currentSettings.locale); // native menus/errors follow the UI language
 
 const isMac = process.platform === "darwin";
 
@@ -115,7 +117,12 @@ const manager = new ManagerWindow({
 
 events.openEditor = (ctx) => editors.open(ctx);
 events.settingsChanged = (s) => {
+	const localeChanged = s.locale !== currentSettings.locale;
 	currentSettings = s; // future windows' preloads bake the fresh theme
+	if (localeChanged) {
+		setBackendLocale(s.locale);
+		void applyApplicationMenu(store); // relabel the native menu in the new language
+	}
 	editors.broadcastSettings(s);
 	manager.broadcastSettings(s);
 };

src/bun/menu.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { ApplicationMenu, type ApplicationMenuItemConfig } from "electrobun/bun";
 import { BRANDING } from "../shared/branding";
 import type { SavedConnection } from "../shared/types";
+import { t } from "./i18n";
 import type { ConnectionStore } from "./store/connections";
 
 /**
@@ -27,37 +28,37 @@ export async function applyApplicationMenu(store: ConnectionStore): Promise<void
 		...looseItems,
 		...stackMenus,
 		...(looseItems.length || stackMenus.length ? [{ type: "separator" } as const] : []),
-		{ label: "Connection Manager…", action: "manage-connections" },
+		{ label: t("menu.connectionManager"), action: "manage-connections" },
 	];
 
 	ApplicationMenu.setApplicationMenu([
 		{
 			submenu: [
-				{ label: `About ${BRANDING.appName}`, action: "about" },
+				{ label: t("menu.about", { app: BRANDING.appName }), action: "about" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
 				{ role: "hide" },
 				{ role: "hideOthers" },
 				{ role: "showAll" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ label: "Quit", role: "quit" },
+				{ label: t("menu.quit"), role: "quit" },
 			],
 		},
 		{
-			label: "File",
+			label: t("menu.file"),
 			submenu: [
-				{ label: "New Tab", action: "new-tab", accelerator: "t" },
-				{ label: "Close Tab", action: "close-tab", accelerator: "w" },
+				{ label: t("menu.newTab"), action: "new-tab", accelerator: "t" },
+				{ label: t("menu.closeTab"), action: "close-tab", accelerator: "w" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ label: "New Folder", action: "new-folder" },
-				{ label: "New File", action: "new-file" },
+				{ label: t("menu.newFolder"), action: "new-folder" },
+				{ label: t("menu.newFile"), action: "new-file" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ label: "Edit File", action: "edit-file", accelerator: "e" },
+				{ label: t("menu.editFile"), action: "edit-file", accelerator: "e" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
-				{ label: "Connect", submenu: connectSubmenu },
+				{ label: t("menu.connect"), submenu: connectSubmenu },
 			],
 		},
 		{
-			label: "Edit",
+			label: t("menu.edit"),
 			submenu: [
 				{ role: "undo" },
 				{ role: "redo" },
@@ -71,15 +72,15 @@ export async function applyApplicationMenu(store: ConnectionStore): Promise<void
 			],
 		},
 		{
-			label: "View",
+			label: t("menu.view"),
 			submenu: [
-				{ label: "Refresh", action: "refresh-active", accelerator: "r" },
+				{ label: t("menu.refresh"), action: "refresh-active", accelerator: "r" },
 				{ type: "separator" },
 				{ role: "toggleFullScreen" },
 			],
 		},
 		{
-			label: "Window",
+			label: t("menu.window"),
 			submenu: [
 				{ role: "minimize" },
 				{ role: "zoom" },

src/bun/transfers/engine.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { BRANDING } from "../../shared/branding";
 import type { EntryType, TransferSnapshot, TransferState } from "../../shared/types";
 import type { FileSystemProvider } from "../fs/provider";
 import type { SessionRegistry } from "../fs/registry";
+import { t } from "../i18n";
 import { walkTree } from "./walk";
 
 const PROGRESS_INTERVAL_MS = 100;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ async function ensureDir(fs: FileSystemProvider, path: string): Promise<void> {
 	try {
 		const st = await fs.stat(path);
 		if (st.type === "dir") return;
-		throw new Error(`"${path}" exists and is not a directory`);
+		throw new Error(t("errors.notADirectory", { path }));
 	} catch {
 		await fs.mkdir(path);
 	}
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ export class TransferEngine {
 			if (sameFs) {
 				for (const file of files) {
 					if (file.srcPath === file.dstPath) {
-						throw new Error(`"${file.name}": source and destination are the same file`);
+						throw new Error(t("errors.sameFileTransfer", { name: file.name }));
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -343,10 +344,10 @@ export class TransferEngine {
 
 		if (samePath) {
 			throw new Error(
-				isDir ? "Cannot copy a folder onto itself" : "Source and destination are the same file",
+				isDir ? t("errors.folderOntoItself") : t("errors.sameFileNoName"),
 			);
 		}
-		throw new Error("Cannot copy a folder into itself");
+		throw new Error(t("errors.folderIntoItself"));
 	}
 
 	/**

src/shared/i18n/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Translations
+
+`en.ts` is the **source of truth**. Every other locale mirrors its key shape;
+any missing key falls back to English at lookup time (see `index.ts` +
+`I18nService`/backend `i18n.ts`), so partial translations are safe.
+
+## Adding / editing strings
+
+1. Add the key to `en.ts` (nested namespace, `{param}` interpolation). For
+   plurals, use a `{ one, other }` map instead of a string — the runtime picks
+   the CLDR category via `Intl.PluralRules` (languages without plural, e.g. zh
+   and ja, only need `other`).
+2. Reference it as `i18n.t('ns.key', { param })` in the UI (or backend `t(...)`
+   for native menus / thrown errors).
+3. Add the translation to the other locale files as convenient — until then
+   English shows through.
+
+The format is kept **Transloco-compatible** (nested namespaces, `{param}`) so
+swapping in a real i18n library later is a drop-in of these dictionaries.
+
+## Review status
+
+| Locale | File | Status |
+|---|---|---|
+| English | `en.ts` | Source |
+| Spanish | `es.ts` | Full draft |
+| French | `fr.ts` | Full draft |
+| German | `de.ts` | Full draft |
+| Chinese (Simplified) | `zh.ts` | **AI draft — needs native review** |
+| Japanese | `ja.ts` | **AI draft — needs native review** |
+| Basque | `eu.ts` | **AI draft — needs native review (highest priority; machine/AI Basque is unreliable)** |
+
+Native-speaker review is especially important for Basque and the CJK locales:
+grammatical agreement, counters/measure words, and UI-context word choice are
+easy to get subtly wrong.

src/shared/i18n/de.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// German translations. Missing keys fall back to English (see en.ts / index.ts).
+export const de = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "Abbrechen",
+		save: "Speichern",
+		close: "Schließen",
+		delete: "Löschen",
+		rename: "Umbenennen",
+		create: "Erstellen",
+		apply: "Anwenden",
+		choose: "Wählen…",
+		connect: "Verbinden",
+		local: "Lokal",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "Nicht mit der App verbunden",
+		notConnectedBody: "Diese Seite läuft in einem normalen Browser. Starte die Desktop-App, um sie zu verwenden.",
+		managerOpen: "Der Verbindungsmanager ist geöffnet.",
+		showConnections: "Verbindungen anzeigen",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "Verbindungen",
+		manageConnections: "Verbindungen verwalten",
+		newTab: "Neuer Tab ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "Tab schließen ({mod}W)",
+		options: "Optionen",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "Optionen",
+		language: "Sprache",
+		system: "System",
+		theme: { label: "Design", system: "System", light: "Hell", dark: "Dunkel" },
+		tone: { label: "Ton", dark: "Dunkel", darker: "Dunkler" },
+		accent: { label: "Akzent" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "Graphit",
+			blue: "Blau",
+			indigo: "Indigo",
+			purple: "Lila",
+			rose: "Rosa",
+			orange: "Orange",
+			green: "Grün",
+			teal: "Petrol",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "Datei-Symbole", plain: "Einfach", multi: "Farbig" },
+		interface: { label: "Oberfläche", compact: "Kompakt", default: "Normal", large: "Groß" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "Geschwindigkeitseinheit" },
+		transfers: { label: "Übertragungen", single: "Einzeln", multi: "Mehrere" },
+		atOnce: "Gleichzeitig",
+		editor: { label: "Editor", builtin: "Integriert", custom: "Benutzerdefiniert" },
+		systemDefault: "Systemstandard",
+		resetDefault: "Auf Standard zurücksetzen",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "Abgeschlossene Übertragungen", autoClear: "Auto-löschen", keep: "Behalten" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "Ordner",
+		symlink: "Symbolischer Link",
+		file: "Datei",
+		image: "Bild",
+		audio: "Audio",
+		video: "Video",
+		archive: "Archiv",
+		code: "Code",
+		document: "Dokument",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "Name",
+		size: "Größe",
+		mtime: "Geändert",
+		kind: "Typ",
+		rights: "Rechte",
+		owner: "Eigentümer",
+		group: "Gruppe",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "Wählen, was dieses Panel anzeigt",
+		copy: "Kopieren",
+		copyToRight: "In rechtes Panel kopieren (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "In linkes Panel kopieren (F5)",
+		edit: "Bearbeiten",
+		editFile: "Datei bearbeiten (F4)",
+		rename: "Umbenennen (F2)",
+		newFolder: "Neuer Ordner (F7)",
+		newFile: "Neue Datei",
+		permissions: "Berechtigungen",
+		delete: "Löschen",
+		deleteHint: "Löschen (F8 / Entf)",
+		parentDir: "Übergeordneter Ordner (Rücktaste)",
+		refresh: "Aktualisieren",
+		clearFilter: "Filter löschen (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "Verbinde mit {name}…",
+		emptyDir: "Leerer Ordner",
+		noMatches: "Keine Treffer",
+		matches: { one: "{count} Treffer · Esc", other: "{count} Treffer · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "Verbindungen",
+		importWinscp: "Aus WinSCP importieren…",
+		importWinscpHint: "Sitzungen aus einem WinSCP.ini-Export importieren",
+		newConnection: "Verbindung",
+		newConnectionHint: "Neue Verbindung",
+		newStack: "Gruppe",
+		newStackHint: "Neue Gruppe",
+		expand: "Aufklappen",
+		collapse: "Zuklappen",
+		renameStack: "Gruppe umbenennen",
+		deleteStack: "Gruppe löschen",
+		openStack: "Gruppe in Tabs öffnen",
+		empty: "leer",
+		connectionsHeader: "Verbindungen",
+		noneTitle: "Noch keine gespeicherten Verbindungen.",
+		noneBody: "Erstelle eine oder importiere deine WinSCP-Sitzungen.",
+		name: "Name",
+		namePlaceholder: "mein Server",
+		host: "Host",
+		port: "Port",
+		stack: "Gruppe",
+		stackNone: "(keine)",
+		username: "Benutzername",
+		remotePath: "Entfernter Pfad (optional)",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "Home-Verzeichnis",
+		auth: "Authentifizierung",
+		authPassword: "Passwort",
+		authKey: "Privater Schlüssel",
+		password: "Passwort",
+		privateKeyFile: "Datei mit privatem Schlüssel",
+		passphrase: "Passphrase (optional)",
+		localDir: "Lokales Verzeichnis (optional)",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/projekte/mein-server",
+		localDirHint: "Das andere Panel öffnet sich hier, wenn es auf Lokal steht und nicht navigiert wurde.",
+		more: "Mehr…",
+		less: "Weniger…",
+		selectPrompt: "Wähle eine Verbindung oder erstelle eine neue.",
+		newStackTitle: "Neue Gruppe",
+		newStackPrompt: "Gruppenname",
+		renameStackTitle: "Gruppe umbenennen",
+		deleteStackTitle: "Gruppe löschen",
+		deleteStackBody: 'Gruppe „{name}" löschen? Ihre Verbindungen bleiben, ohne Gruppe.',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "Verbindung löschen",
+		deleteConnectionBody: '„{name}" löschen?',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "Keine Datei zum Bearbeiten",
+		noFileBody: "Dieses Fenster wurde ohne Editor-Kontext geöffnet. Öffne Dateien aus der App.",
+		wrap: "Umbruch",
+		wrapHint: "Lange Zeilen umbrechen — blendet Zeilennummern aus ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "Suchen ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "In Datei suchen",
+		prevMatch: "Vorheriger Treffer (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "Nächster Treffer (↵)",
+		closeHint: "Schließen (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "Verbindung zu {name} getrennt — Speichern schlägt fehl, aber dein Text bleibt in diesem Fenster erhalten.",
+		cantOpen: "{name} kann nicht geöffnet werden",
+		closeWindow: "Fenster schließen",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S speichern · {mod}F suchen · {mod}W schließen",
+		lines: { one: "{count} Zeile", other: "{count} Zeilen" },
+		close: "Schließen",
+		save: "Speichern",
+		saveChangesTitle: 'Änderungen an „{name}" speichern?',
+		saveChangesBody: "Deine Änderungen gehen verloren, wenn du sie nicht speicherst.",
+		dontSave: "Nicht speichern",
+		countLabel: "{current} von {total}",
+		noMatches: "Keine Treffer",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} aktiv · {finished} abgeschlossen",
+		clearFinished: "Abgeschlossene löschen",
+		cancel: "Abbrechen",
+		dismiss: "Verwerfen",
+		showDetails: "Übertragungsdetails anzeigen",
+		copying: "Kopiere {name} · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} in Warteschlange",
+		failed: { one: "{count} Übertragung fehlgeschlagen", other: "{count} Übertragungen fehlgeschlagen" },
+		finished: "Übertragungen abgeschlossen",
+		ready: "Bereit",
+		items: "{count} Elemente",
+		selected: "{count} ausgewählt",
+		queuedState: "In Warteschlange",
+		scanning: "Analysiere…",
+		failedState: "Fehlgeschlagen",
+		cancelled: "Abgebrochen",
+		completedFiles: { one: "{count} Datei · {size}", other: "{count} Dateien · {size}" },
+		left: "{eta} übrig",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "Berechtigungen",
+		chmodItems: "{count} Elemente",
+		read: "Lesen",
+		write: "Schreiben",
+		execute: "Ausführen",
+		roleOwner: "Eigentümer",
+		roleGroup: "Gruppe",
+		roleOthers: "Andere",
+		octal: "Oktal",
+		mergeFolder: "Ordner zusammenführen",
+		replace: "Ersetzen",
+		merge: "Zusammenführen",
+		mergeAll: "Alle zusammenführen",
+		replaceAll: "Alle ersetzen",
+		skip: "Überspringen",
+		skipAll: "Alle überspringen",
+		ofTotal: "{index} von {total}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "Am Ziel existiert bereits ein Ordner mit diesem Namen. Zusammenführen kann Dateien darin ersetzen.",
+		overwriteFileBody: "Am Ziel existiert bereits eine Datei mit diesem Namen.",
+		source: "Quelle",
+		destination: "Ziel",
+		newer: "neuer",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: '„{name}" in den Papierkorb verschoben',
+		editingExternal: "Bearbeite {name} — Speichern lädt automatisch hoch",
+		nothingToCopy: "Nichts zu kopieren (symbolische Links werden übersprungen)",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "Nichts zu kopieren — alle Konflikte wurden übersprungen",
+		sameFolder: "Beide Panels zeigen denselben Ordner",
+		sameFile: '„{name}" übersprungen — es ist dieselbe Datei',
+		typeMismatch: '„{name}" übersprungen — ein anderer Elementtyp ist im Weg',
+		transferFailed: 'Übertragung „{name}" fehlgeschlagen: {error}',
+		unknownError: "unbekannter Fehler",
+		saved: "{name} gespeichert",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}: getrennt ({reason})",
+		imported: { one: "{count} Verbindung importiert", other: "{count} Verbindungen importiert" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { one: " in {count} neue Gruppe", other: " in {count} neue Gruppen" },
+		importedSkipped: " ({skipped} übersprungen)",
+		leftoverTitle: "Übrig gebliebene bearbeitete Dateien",
+		leftoverMore: ", +{count} weitere",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			one: "Eine frühere Sitzung hinterließ {count} temporäre bearbeitete Datei ({names}). Löschen?",
+			other: "Eine frühere Sitzung hinterließ {count} temporäre bearbeitete Dateien ({names}). Löschen?",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "Löschen",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "Löschen",
+		deleteBody: "{what} löschen? Ordner werden rekursiv gelöscht. Dies kann nicht rückgängig gemacht werden.",
+		deleteConfirm: "Löschen",
+		renameTitle: '„{name}" umbenennen',
+		renameConfirm: "Umbenennen",
+		newFolderTitle: "Neuer Ordner",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "Ordnername",
+		newFileTitle: "Neue Datei",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "Dateiname",
+		createConfirm: "Erstellen",
+		itemsCount: "{count} Elemente",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "Über {app}",
+		quit: "Beenden",
+		file: "Datei",
+		newTab: "Neuer Tab",
+		closeTab: "Tab schließen",
+		newFolder: "Neuer Ordner",
+		newFile: "Neue Datei",
+		editFile: "Datei bearbeiten",
+		connect: "Verbinden",
+		connectionManager: "Verbindungsmanager…",
+		edit: "Bearbeiten",
+		view: "Ansicht",
+		refresh: "Aktualisieren",
+		window: "Fenster",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "Größe",
+		modified: "Geändert",
+		kind: "Typ",
+		rights: "Rechte",
+		owner: "Eigentümer",
+		group: "Gruppe",
+		revealFinder: "Im Finder anzeigen",
+		revealExplorer: "Im Explorer anzeigen",
+		revealFileManager: "Im Dateimanager anzeigen",
+		moveToTrash: "In den Papierkorb",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "In den Papierkorb",
+		newFolder: "Neuer Ordner",
+		newFile: "Neue Datei",
+		refresh: "Aktualisieren",
+		open: "Öffnen",
+		openDefault: "Mit Standard-App öffnen",
+		edit: "Bearbeiten",
+		copyToOther: "In anderes Panel kopieren",
+		rename: "Umbenennen",
+		permissions: "Berechtigungen",
+		copyPath: "Pfad kopieren",
+		delete: "Löschen",
+		columns: "Spalten",
+		trashTooltip: "Finders Wiederherstellen ist für von hier gelöschte Elemente nicht verfügbar",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent nicht verfügbar (SSH_AUTH_SOCK ist nicht gesetzt)",
+		identityFileNotFound: "Identitätsdatei nicht gefunden: {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: 'Sitzung „{id}" ist nicht verbunden',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "Die lokale Sitzung kann nicht getrennt werden",
+		notADirectory: '„{path}" existiert und ist kein Ordner',
+		sameFileTransfer: '„{name}": Quelle und Ziel sind dieselbe Datei',
+		sameFileNoName: "Quelle und Ziel sind dieselbe Datei",
+		folderOntoItself: "Ein Ordner kann nicht auf sich selbst kopiert werden",
+		folderIntoItself: "Ein Ordner kann nicht in sich selbst kopiert werden",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/en.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+// English is the source of truth. Other locales mirror this shape; missing keys
+// fall back to English at lookup time. Placeholders use {name} interpolation.
+// Keep Transloco-compatible (nested namespaces, {param}) so a later migration
+// to a real i18n library is a drop-in of these dictionaries.
+
+export const en = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "Cancel",
+		save: "Save",
+		close: "Close",
+		delete: "Delete",
+		rename: "Rename",
+		create: "Create",
+		apply: "Apply",
+		choose: "Choose…",
+		connect: "Connect",
+		local: "Local",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "Not connected to the app",
+		notConnectedBody: "This page is running in a plain browser. Launch the desktop app to use it.",
+		managerOpen: "The connection manager is open.",
+		showConnections: "Show Connections",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "Connections",
+		manageConnections: "Manage connections",
+		newTab: "New tab ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "Close tab ({mod}W)",
+		options: "Options",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "Options",
+		language: "Language",
+		system: "System",
+		theme: { label: "Theme", system: "System", light: "Light", dark: "Dark" },
+		tone: { label: "Tone", dark: "Dark", darker: "Darker" },
+		accent: { label: "Accent" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "Graphite",
+			blue: "Blue",
+			indigo: "Indigo",
+			purple: "Purple",
+			rose: "Rose",
+			orange: "Orange",
+			green: "Green",
+			teal: "Teal",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "File icons", plain: "Plain", multi: "Multi" },
+		interface: { label: "Interface", compact: "Compact", default: "Default", large: "Large" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "Speed unit" },
+		transfers: { label: "Transfers", single: "Single", multi: "Multi" },
+		atOnce: "At once",
+		editor: { label: "Editor", builtin: "Built-in", custom: "Custom" },
+		systemDefault: "System default",
+		resetDefault: "Reset to system default",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "Finished transfers", autoClear: "Auto-clear", keep: "Keep" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "Folder",
+		symlink: "Symlink",
+		file: "File",
+		image: "Image",
+		audio: "Audio",
+		video: "Video",
+		archive: "Archive",
+		code: "Code",
+		document: "Document",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "Name",
+		size: "Size",
+		mtime: "Modified",
+		kind: "Kind",
+		rights: "Rights",
+		owner: "Owner",
+		group: "Group",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "Choose what this panel shows",
+		copy: "Copy",
+		copyToRight: "Copy to right panel (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "Copy to left panel (F5)",
+		edit: "Edit",
+		editFile: "Edit file (F4)",
+		rename: "Rename (F2)",
+		newFolder: "New folder (F7)",
+		newFile: "New file",
+		permissions: "Permissions",
+		delete: "Delete",
+		deleteHint: "Delete (F8 / Del)",
+		parentDir: "Parent directory (Backspace)",
+		refresh: "Refresh",
+		clearFilter: "Clear filter (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "Connecting to {name}…",
+		emptyDir: "Empty directory",
+		noMatches: "No matches",
+		matches: { one: "{count} match · Esc", other: "{count} matches · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "Connections",
+		importWinscp: "Import from WinSCP…",
+		importWinscpHint: "Import sessions from a WinSCP.ini export",
+		newConnection: "Connection",
+		newConnectionHint: "New connection",
+		newStack: "Stack",
+		newStackHint: "New stack",
+		expand: "Expand",
+		collapse: "Collapse",
+		renameStack: "Rename stack",
+		deleteStack: "Delete stack",
+		openStack: "Open stack in tabs",
+		empty: "empty",
+		connectionsHeader: "Connections",
+		noneTitle: "No saved connections yet.",
+		noneBody: "Create one, or import your WinSCP sessions.",
+		name: "Name",
+		namePlaceholder: "my server",
+		host: "Host",
+		port: "Port",
+		stack: "Stack",
+		stackNone: "(none)",
+		username: "Username",
+		remotePath: "Remote path (optional)",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "home directory",
+		auth: "Auth",
+		authPassword: "Password",
+		authKey: "Private key",
+		password: "Password",
+		privateKeyFile: "Private key file",
+		passphrase: "Passphrase (optional)",
+		localDir: "Local directory (optional)",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/projects/my-server",
+		localDirHint: "The other panel opens here when it's on Local and hasn't been navigated.",
+		more: "More…",
+		less: "Less…",
+		selectPrompt: "Select a connection or create a new one.",
+		newStackTitle: "New stack",
+		newStackPrompt: "stack name",
+		renameStackTitle: "Rename stack",
+		deleteStackTitle: "Delete stack",
+		deleteStackBody: 'Delete stack "{name}"? Its connections stay, ungrouped.',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "Delete connection",
+		deleteConnectionBody: 'Delete "{name}"?',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "No file to edit",
+		noFileBody: "This window was opened without an editor context. Launch files from the app.",
+		wrap: "Wrap",
+		wrapHint: "Wrap long lines — hides line numbers ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "Find ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "Find in file",
+		prevMatch: "Previous match (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "Next match (↵)",
+		closeHint: "Close (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "Disconnected from {name} — saving will fail, but your text is preserved in this window.",
+		cantOpen: "Can't open {name}",
+		closeWindow: "Close Window",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S save · {mod}F find · {mod}W close",
+		lines: { one: "{count} line", other: "{count} lines" },
+		close: "Close",
+		save: "Save",
+		saveChangesTitle: 'Save changes to "{name}"?',
+		saveChangesBody: "Your changes will be lost if you don't save them.",
+		dontSave: "Don't Save",
+		countLabel: "{current} of {total}",
+		noMatches: "No matches",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} active · {finished} finished",
+		clearFinished: "Clear finished",
+		cancel: "Cancel",
+		dismiss: "Dismiss",
+		showDetails: "Show transfer details",
+		copying: "Copying {name} · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} queued",
+		failed: { one: "{count} transfer failed", other: "{count} transfers failed" },
+		finished: "Transfers finished",
+		ready: "Ready",
+		items: "{count} items",
+		selected: "{count} selected",
+		queuedState: "Queued",
+		scanning: "Scanning…",
+		failedState: "Failed",
+		cancelled: "Cancelled",
+		completedFiles: { one: "{count} file · {size}", other: "{count} files · {size}" },
+		left: "{eta} left",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "Permissions",
+		chmodItems: "{count} items",
+		read: "Read",
+		write: "Write",
+		execute: "Execute",
+		roleOwner: "Owner",
+		roleGroup: "Group",
+		roleOthers: "Others",
+		octal: "Octal",
+		mergeFolder: "Merge folder",
+		replace: "Replace",
+		merge: "Merge",
+		mergeAll: "Merge all",
+		replaceAll: "Replace all",
+		skip: "Skip",
+		skipAll: "Skip all",
+		ofTotal: "{index} of {total}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "The destination already has a folder with this name. Merging may replace files inside it.",
+		overwriteFileBody: "The destination already has a file with this name.",
+		source: "Source",
+		destination: "Destination",
+		newer: "newer",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: 'Moved "{name}" to Trash',
+		editingExternal: "Editing {name} — saves upload automatically",
+		nothingToCopy: "Nothing to copy (symlinks are skipped)",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "Nothing to copy — all conflicting items were skipped",
+		sameFolder: "Both panels show the same folder",
+		sameFile: 'Skipped "{name}" — it is the same file',
+		typeMismatch: 'Skipped "{name}" — a different kind of item is in the way',
+		transferFailed: 'Transfer "{name}" failed: {error}',
+		unknownError: "unknown error",
+		saved: "Saved {name}",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}: disconnected ({reason})",
+		imported: { one: "Imported {count} connection", other: "Imported {count} connections" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { one: " into {count} new stack", other: " into {count} new stacks" },
+		importedSkipped: " ({skipped} skipped)",
+		leftoverTitle: "Leftover edited files",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			one: "A previous session left {count} temporary edited file behind ({names}). Clear them?",
+			other: "A previous session left {count} temporary edited files behind ({names}). Clear them?",
+		},
+		leftoverMore: ", +{count} more",
+		leftoverClear: "Clear",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "Delete",
+		deleteBody: "Delete {what}? Folders are deleted recursively. This cannot be undone.",
+		deleteConfirm: "Delete",
+		renameTitle: 'Rename "{name}"',
+		renameConfirm: "Rename",
+		newFolderTitle: "New folder",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "folder name",
+		newFileTitle: "New file",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "file name",
+		createConfirm: "Create",
+		itemsCount: "{count} items",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "About {app}",
+		quit: "Quit",
+		file: "File",
+		newTab: "New Tab",
+		closeTab: "Close Tab",
+		newFolder: "New Folder",
+		newFile: "New File",
+		editFile: "Edit File",
+		connect: "Connect",
+		connectionManager: "Connection Manager…",
+		edit: "Edit",
+		view: "View",
+		refresh: "Refresh",
+		window: "Window",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "Size",
+		modified: "Modified",
+		kind: "Kind",
+		rights: "Rights",
+		owner: "Owner",
+		group: "Group",
+		revealFinder: "Reveal in Finder",
+		revealExplorer: "Show in Explorer",
+		revealFileManager: "Show in File Manager",
+		moveToTrash: "Move to Trash",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "Move to Recycle Bin",
+		newFolder: "New Folder",
+		newFile: "New File",
+		refresh: "Refresh",
+		open: "Open",
+		openDefault: "Open with the default application",
+		edit: "Edit",
+		copyToOther: "Copy to Other Panel",
+		rename: "Rename",
+		permissions: "Permissions",
+		copyPath: "Copy Path",
+		delete: "Delete",
+		columns: "Columns",
+		trashTooltip: "Finder's Restore is not available for items trashed from here",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent not available (SSH_AUTH_SOCK is not set)",
+		identityFileNotFound: "identity file not found: {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: 'Session "{id}" is not connected',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "The local session cannot be disconnected",
+		notADirectory: '"{path}" exists and is not a directory',
+		sameFileTransfer: '"{name}": source and destination are the same file',
+		sameFileNoName: "Source and destination are the same file",
+		folderOntoItself: "Cannot copy a folder onto itself",
+		folderIntoItself: "Cannot copy a folder into itself",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/es.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// Spanish translations. Missing keys fall back to English (see en.ts / index.ts).
+export const es = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "Cancelar",
+		save: "Guardar",
+		close: "Cerrar",
+		delete: "Eliminar",
+		rename: "Renombrar",
+		create: "Crear",
+		apply: "Aplicar",
+		choose: "Elegir…",
+		connect: "Conectar",
+		local: "Local",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "No conectado a la aplicación",
+		notConnectedBody: "Esta página se ejecuta en un navegador normal. Abre la aplicación de escritorio para usarla.",
+		managerOpen: "El gestor de conexiones está abierto.",
+		showConnections: "Mostrar conexiones",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "Conexiones",
+		manageConnections: "Gestionar conexiones",
+		newTab: "Nueva pestaña ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "Cerrar pestaña ({mod}W)",
+		options: "Opciones",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "Opciones",
+		language: "Idioma",
+		system: "Sistema",
+		theme: { label: "Tema", system: "Sistema", light: "Claro", dark: "Oscuro" },
+		tone: { label: "Tono", dark: "Oscuro", darker: "Más oscuro" },
+		accent: { label: "Acento" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "Grafito",
+			blue: "Azul",
+			indigo: "Índigo",
+			purple: "Morado",
+			rose: "Rosa",
+			orange: "Naranja",
+			green: "Verde",
+			teal: "Turquesa",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "Iconos", plain: "Simple", multi: "Color" },
+		interface: { label: "Interfaz", compact: "Compacta", default: "Normal", large: "Grande" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "Unidad de velocidad" },
+		transfers: { label: "Transferencias", single: "Una", multi: "Varias" },
+		atOnce: "A la vez",
+		editor: { label: "Editor", builtin: "Integrado", custom: "Personalizado" },
+		systemDefault: "Predeterminado del sistema",
+		resetDefault: "Restablecer al predeterminado",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "Transferencias completadas", autoClear: "Auto-limpiar", keep: "Mantener" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "Carpeta",
+		symlink: "Enlace simbólico",
+		file: "Archivo",
+		image: "Imagen",
+		audio: "Audio",
+		video: "Vídeo",
+		archive: "Archivo comprimido",
+		code: "Código",
+		document: "Documento",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "Nombre",
+		size: "Tamaño",
+		mtime: "Modificado",
+		kind: "Tipo",
+		rights: "Permisos",
+		owner: "Propietario",
+		group: "Grupo",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "Elige qué muestra este panel",
+		copy: "Copiar",
+		copyToRight: "Copiar al panel derecho (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "Copiar al panel izquierdo (F5)",
+		edit: "Editar",
+		editFile: "Editar archivo (F4)",
+		rename: "Renombrar (F2)",
+		newFolder: "Nueva carpeta (F7)",
+		newFile: "Nuevo archivo",
+		permissions: "Permisos",
+		delete: "Eliminar",
+		deleteHint: "Eliminar (F8 / Supr)",
+		parentDir: "Carpeta superior (Retroceso)",
+		refresh: "Actualizar",
+		clearFilter: "Borrar filtro (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "Conectando con {name}…",
+		emptyDir: "Carpeta vacía",
+		noMatches: "Sin coincidencias",
+		matches: { one: "{count} coincidencia · Esc", other: "{count} coincidencias · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "Conexiones",
+		importWinscp: "Importar de WinSCP…",
+		importWinscpHint: "Importar sesiones de una exportación WinSCP.ini",
+		newConnection: "Conexión",
+		newConnectionHint: "Nueva conexión",
+		newStack: "Grupo",
+		newStackHint: "Nuevo grupo",
+		expand: "Expandir",
+		collapse: "Contraer",
+		renameStack: "Renombrar grupo",
+		deleteStack: "Eliminar grupo",
+		openStack: "Abrir grupo en pestañas",
+		empty: "vacío",
+		connectionsHeader: "Conexiones",
+		noneTitle: "Aún no hay conexiones guardadas.",
+		noneBody: "Crea una o importa tus sesiones de WinSCP.",
+		name: "Nombre",
+		namePlaceholder: "mi servidor",
+		host: "Servidor",
+		port: "Puerto",
+		stack: "Grupo",
+		stackNone: "(ninguno)",
+		username: "Usuario",
+		remotePath: "Ruta remota (opcional)",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "carpeta de inicio",
+		auth: "Autenticación",
+		authPassword: "Contraseña",
+		authKey: "Clave privada",
+		password: "Contraseña",
+		privateKeyFile: "Archivo de clave privada",
+		passphrase: "Frase de contraseña (opcional)",
+		localDir: "Carpeta local (opcional)",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/proyectos/mi-servidor",
+		localDirHint: "El otro panel se abre aquí cuando está en Local y no se ha navegado.",
+		more: "Más…",
+		less: "Menos…",
+		selectPrompt: "Selecciona una conexión o crea una nueva.",
+		newStackTitle: "Nuevo grupo",
+		newStackPrompt: "nombre del grupo",
+		renameStackTitle: "Renombrar grupo",
+		deleteStackTitle: "Eliminar grupo",
+		deleteStackBody: '¿Eliminar el grupo "{name}"? Sus conexiones se mantienen, sin agrupar.',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "Eliminar conexión",
+		deleteConnectionBody: '¿Eliminar "{name}"?',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "Ningún archivo que editar",
+		noFileBody: "Esta ventana se abrió sin contexto de editor. Abre archivos desde la aplicación.",
+		wrap: "Ajustar",
+		wrapHint: "Ajustar líneas largas — oculta los números de línea ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "Buscar ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "Buscar en el archivo",
+		prevMatch: "Coincidencia anterior (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "Coincidencia siguiente (↵)",
+		closeHint: "Cerrar (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "Desconectado de {name} — no se podrá guardar, pero tu texto se conserva en esta ventana.",
+		cantOpen: "No se puede abrir {name}",
+		closeWindow: "Cerrar ventana",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S guardar · {mod}F buscar · {mod}W cerrar",
+		lines: { one: "{count} línea", other: "{count} líneas" },
+		close: "Cerrar",
+		save: "Guardar",
+		saveChangesTitle: '¿Guardar los cambios en "{name}"?',
+		saveChangesBody: "Perderás tus cambios si no los guardas.",
+		dontSave: "No guardar",
+		countLabel: "{current} de {total}",
+		noMatches: "Sin coincidencias",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} activas · {finished} completadas",
+		clearFinished: "Limpiar completadas",
+		cancel: "Cancelar",
+		dismiss: "Descartar",
+		showDetails: "Ver detalles de transferencias",
+		copying: "Copiando {name} · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} en cola",
+		failed: { one: "{count} transferencia fallida", other: "{count} transferencias fallidas" },
+		finished: "Transferencias completadas",
+		ready: "Listo",
+		items: "{count} elementos",
+		selected: "{count} seleccionados",
+		queuedState: "En cola",
+		scanning: "Analizando…",
+		failedState: "Fallida",
+		cancelled: "Cancelada",
+		completedFiles: { one: "{count} archivo · {size}", other: "{count} archivos · {size}" },
+		left: "{eta} restante",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "Permisos",
+		chmodItems: "{count} elementos",
+		read: "Lectura",
+		write: "Escritura",
+		execute: "Ejecución",
+		roleOwner: "Propietario",
+		roleGroup: "Grupo",
+		roleOthers: "Otros",
+		octal: "Octal",
+		mergeFolder: "Combinar carpeta",
+		replace: "Reemplazar",
+		merge: "Combinar",
+		mergeAll: "Combinar todo",
+		replaceAll: "Reemplazar todo",
+		skip: "Omitir",
+		skipAll: "Omitir todo",
+		ofTotal: "{index} de {total}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "El destino ya tiene una carpeta con este nombre. Combinar puede reemplazar archivos dentro.",
+		overwriteFileBody: "El destino ya tiene un archivo con este nombre.",
+		source: "Origen",
+		destination: "Destino",
+		newer: "más reciente",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: 'Se movió "{name}" a la papelera',
+		editingExternal: "Editando {name} — los cambios se suben automáticamente",
+		nothingToCopy: "Nada que copiar (los enlaces simbólicos se omiten)",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "Nada que copiar — se omitieron todos los elementos en conflicto",
+		sameFolder: "Ambos paneles muestran la misma carpeta",
+		sameFile: 'Se omitió "{name}" — es el mismo archivo',
+		typeMismatch: 'Se omitió "{name}" — hay otro tipo de elemento en el camino',
+		transferFailed: 'La transferencia "{name}" falló: {error}',
+		unknownError: "error desconocido",
+		saved: "Se guardó {name}",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}: desconectado ({reason})",
+		imported: { one: "Se importó {count} conexión", other: "Se importaron {count} conexiones" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { one: " en {count} grupo nuevo", other: " en {count} grupos nuevos" },
+		importedSkipped: " ({skipped} omitidas)",
+		leftoverTitle: "Archivos editados sobrantes",
+		leftoverMore: ", +{count} más",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			one: "Una sesión anterior dejó {count} archivo editado temporal ({names}). ¿Eliminarlo?",
+			other: "Una sesión anterior dejó {count} archivos editados temporales ({names}). ¿Eliminarlos?",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "Eliminar",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "Eliminar",
+		deleteBody: "¿Eliminar {what}? Las carpetas se eliminan de forma recursiva. Esto no se puede deshacer.",
+		deleteConfirm: "Eliminar",
+		renameTitle: 'Renombrar "{name}"',
+		renameConfirm: "Renombrar",
+		newFolderTitle: "Nueva carpeta",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "nombre de la carpeta",
+		newFileTitle: "Nuevo archivo",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "nombre del archivo",
+		createConfirm: "Crear",
+		itemsCount: "{count} elementos",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "Acerca de {app}",
+		quit: "Salir",
+		file: "Archivo",
+		newTab: "Nueva pestaña",
+		closeTab: "Cerrar pestaña",
+		newFolder: "Nueva carpeta",
+		newFile: "Nuevo archivo",
+		editFile: "Editar archivo",
+		connect: "Conectar",
+		connectionManager: "Gestor de conexiones…",
+		edit: "Edición",
+		view: "Ver",
+		refresh: "Actualizar",
+		window: "Ventana",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "Tamaño",
+		modified: "Modificado",
+		kind: "Tipo",
+		rights: "Permisos",
+		owner: "Propietario",
+		group: "Grupo",
+		revealFinder: "Mostrar en Finder",
+		revealExplorer: "Mostrar en el Explorador",
+		revealFileManager: "Mostrar en el gestor de archivos",
+		moveToTrash: "Mover a la papelera",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "Mover a la papelera de reciclaje",
+		newFolder: "Nueva carpeta",
+		newFile: "Nuevo archivo",
+		refresh: "Actualizar",
+		open: "Abrir",
+		openDefault: "Abrir con la aplicación predeterminada",
+		edit: "Editar",
+		copyToOther: "Copiar al otro panel",
+		rename: "Renombrar",
+		permissions: "Permisos",
+		copyPath: "Copiar ruta",
+		delete: "Eliminar",
+		columns: "Columnas",
+		trashTooltip: "La opción Restaurar de Finder no está disponible para elementos enviados a la papelera desde aquí",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent no disponible (SSH_AUTH_SOCK no está definido)",
+		identityFileNotFound: "archivo de identidad no encontrado: {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: 'La sesión "{id}" no está conectada',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "La sesión local no se puede desconectar",
+		notADirectory: '"{path}" existe y no es una carpeta',
+		sameFileTransfer: '"{name}": el origen y el destino son el mismo archivo',
+		sameFileNoName: "El origen y el destino son el mismo archivo",
+		folderOntoItself: "No se puede copiar una carpeta sobre sí misma",
+		folderIntoItself: "No se puede copiar una carpeta dentro de sí misma",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/eu.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+// Basque (Euskara) translations. Fall back to English for missing keys.
+// TODO(i18n): AI draft — REQUIRES native-speaker review (Basque is error-prone
+// for machine/AI translation; treat every string as provisional).
+export const eu = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "Utzi",
+		save: "Gorde",
+		close: "Itxi",
+		delete: "Ezabatu",
+		rename: "Berrizendatu",
+		create: "Sortu",
+		apply: "Aplikatu",
+		choose: "Aukeratu…",
+		connect: "Konektatu",
+		local: "Lokala",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "Ez dago aplikaziora konektatuta",
+		notConnectedBody: "Orri hau nabigatzaile arrunt batean exekutatzen ari da. Ireki mahaigaineko aplikazioa erabiltzeko.",
+		managerOpen: "Konexio-kudeatzailea irekita dago.",
+		showConnections: "Erakutsi konexioak",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "Konexioak",
+		manageConnections: "Kudeatu konexioak",
+		newTab: "Fitxa berria ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "Itxi fitxa ({mod}W)",
+		options: "Aukerak",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "Aukerak",
+		language: "Hizkuntza",
+		system: "Sistema",
+		theme: { label: "Gaia", system: "Sistema", light: "Argia", dark: "Iluna" },
+		tone: { label: "Tonua", dark: "Iluna", darker: "Ilunagoa" },
+		accent: { label: "Azentua" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "Grafitoa",
+			blue: "Urdina",
+			indigo: "Indigoa",
+			purple: "Morea",
+			rose: "Arrosa",
+			orange: "Laranja",
+			green: "Berdea",
+			teal: "Turkesa",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "Fitxategi-ikonoak", plain: "Soila", multi: "Koloretsua" },
+		interface: { label: "Interfazea", compact: "Trinkoa", default: "Lehenetsia", large: "Handia" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "Abiadura-unitatea" },
+		transfers: { label: "Transferentziak", single: "Banaka", multi: "Anitz" },
+		atOnce: "Aldi berean",
+		editor: { label: "Editorea", builtin: "Barnekoa", custom: "Pertsonalizatua" },
+		systemDefault: "Sistemaren lehenetsia",
+		resetDefault: "Berrezarri lehenetsira",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "Amaitutako transferentziak", autoClear: "Garbitu", keep: "Mantendu" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "Karpeta",
+		symlink: "Esteka sinbolikoa",
+		file: "Fitxategia",
+		image: "Irudia",
+		audio: "Audioa",
+		video: "Bideoa",
+		archive: "Artxiboa",
+		code: "Kodea",
+		document: "Dokumentua",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "Izena",
+		size: "Tamaina",
+		mtime: "Aldatze-data",
+		kind: "Mota",
+		rights: "Baimenak",
+		owner: "Jabea",
+		group: "Taldea",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "Aukeratu panel honek zer erakusten duen",
+		copy: "Kopiatu",
+		copyToRight: "Kopiatu eskuineko panelera (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "Kopiatu ezkerreko panelera (F5)",
+		edit: "Editatu",
+		editFile: "Editatu fitxategia (F4)",
+		rename: "Berrizendatu (F2)",
+		newFolder: "Karpeta berria (F7)",
+		newFile: "Fitxategi berria",
+		permissions: "Baimenak",
+		delete: "Ezabatu",
+		deleteHint: "Ezabatu (F8 / Del)",
+		parentDir: "Karpeta gurasoa (Atzera-tekla)",
+		refresh: "Freskatu",
+		clearFilter: "Garbitu iragazkia (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "{name}(e)ra konektatzen…",
+		emptyDir: "Karpeta hutsa",
+		noMatches: "Bat-etortzerik ez",
+		matches: { one: "bat-etortze {count} · Esc", other: "{count} bat-etortze · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "Konexioak",
+		importWinscp: "Inportatu WinSCPtik…",
+		importWinscpHint: "Inportatu saioak WinSCP.ini esportazio batetik",
+		newConnection: "Konexioa",
+		newConnectionHint: "Konexio berria",
+		newStack: "Taldea",
+		newStackHint: "Talde berria",
+		expand: "Zabaldu",
+		collapse: "Tolestu",
+		renameStack: "Berrizendatu taldea",
+		deleteStack: "Ezabatu taldea",
+		openStack: "Ireki taldea fitxetan",
+		empty: "hutsik",
+		connectionsHeader: "Konexioak",
+		noneTitle: "Oraindik ez dago gordetako konexiorik.",
+		noneBody: "Sortu bat edo inportatu zure WinSCP saioak.",
+		name: "Izena",
+		namePlaceholder: "nire zerbitzaria",
+		host: "Ostalaria",
+		port: "Ataka",
+		stack: "Taldea",
+		stackNone: "(bat ere ez)",
+		username: "Erabiltzailea",
+		remotePath: "Urruneko bidea (aukerakoa)",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "hasierako karpeta",
+		auth: "Autentifikazioa",
+		authPassword: "Pasahitza",
+		authKey: "Gako pribatua",
+		password: "Pasahitza",
+		privateKeyFile: "Gako pribatuaren fitxategia",
+		passphrase: "Pasaesaldia (aukerakoa)",
+		localDir: "Karpeta lokala (aukerakoa)",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/proiektuak/nire-zerbitzaria",
+		localDirHint: "Beste panela hemen irekiko da Lokalean dagoenean eta nabigatu ez denean.",
+		more: "Gehiago…",
+		less: "Gutxiago…",
+		selectPrompt: "Hautatu konexio bat edo sortu berri bat.",
+		newStackTitle: "Talde berria",
+		newStackPrompt: "taldearen izena",
+		renameStackTitle: "Berrizendatu taldea",
+		deleteStackTitle: "Ezabatu taldea",
+		deleteStackBody: 'Ezabatu "{name}" taldea? Bere konexioak mantendu egingo dira, taldekatu gabe.',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "Ezabatu konexioa",
+		deleteConnectionBody: 'Ezabatu "{name}"?',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "Ez dago editatzeko fitxategirik",
+		noFileBody: "Leiho hau editore-testuingururik gabe ireki da. Ireki fitxategiak aplikaziotik.",
+		wrap: "Doitu",
+		wrapHint: "Doitu lerro luzeak — lerro-zenbakiak ezkutatzen ditu ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "Bilatu ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "Bilatu fitxategian",
+		prevMatch: "Aurreko bat-etortzea (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "Hurrengo bat-etortzea (↵)",
+		closeHint: "Itxi (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "{name}(e)tik deskonektatuta — gordetzeak huts egingo du, baina zure testua leiho honetan gordeta dago.",
+		cantOpen: "Ezin da {name} ireki",
+		closeWindow: "Itxi leihoa",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S gorde · {mod}F bilatu · {mod}W itxi",
+		lines: { one: "lerro {count}", other: "{count} lerro" },
+		close: "Itxi",
+		save: "Gorde",
+		saveChangesTitle: 'Gorde "{name}"(r)en aldaketak?',
+		saveChangesBody: "Zure aldaketak galduko dira gordetzen ez badituzu.",
+		dontSave: "Ez gorde",
+		countLabel: "{total}(e)tik {current}",
+		noMatches: "Bat-etortzerik ez",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} aktibo · {finished} amaituta",
+		clearFinished: "Garbitu amaituak",
+		cancel: "Utzi",
+		dismiss: "Baztertu",
+		showDetails: "Erakutsi transferentzien xehetasunak",
+		copying: "{name} kopiatzen · %{percent}{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} ilaran",
+		failed: { one: "transferentzia {count}(e)k huts egin du", other: "{count} transferentziak huts egin dute" },
+		finished: "Transferentziak amaituta",
+		ready: "Prest",
+		items: "{count} elementu",
+		selected: "{count} hautatuta",
+		queuedState: "Ilaran",
+		scanning: "Aztertzen…",
+		failedState: "Huts egin du",
+		cancelled: "Bertan behera utzita",
+		completedFiles: { one: "fitxategi {count} · {size}", other: "{count} fitxategi · {size}" },
+		left: "{eta} geratzen da",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "Baimenak",
+		chmodItems: "{count} elementu",
+		read: "Irakurri",
+		write: "Idatzi",
+		execute: "Exekutatu",
+		roleOwner: "Jabea",
+		roleGroup: "Taldea",
+		roleOthers: "Besteak",
+		octal: "Zortzitarra",
+		mergeFolder: "Batu karpeta",
+		replace: "Ordeztu",
+		merge: "Batu",
+		mergeAll: "Batu guztiak",
+		replaceAll: "Ordeztu guztiak",
+		skip: "Saltatu",
+		skipAll: "Saltatu guztiak",
+		ofTotal: "{total}(e)tik {index}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "Helmugan izen bereko karpeta bat dago jada. Batzeak barneko fitxategiak ordeztu ditzake.",
+		overwriteFileBody: "Helmugan izen bereko fitxategi bat dago jada.",
+		source: "Iturburua",
+		destination: "Helmuga",
+		newer: "berriagoa",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: '"{name}" zakarrontzira eraman da',
+		editingExternal: "{name} editatzen — gordetzean automatikoki igotzen da",
+		nothingToCopy: "Ez dago kopiatzeko ezer (esteka sinbolikoak saltatu egiten dira)",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "Ez dago kopiatzeko ezer — gatazkan zeuden elementu guztiak saltatu dira",
+		sameFolder: "Bi panelek karpeta bera erakusten dute",
+		sameFile: '"{name}" saltatu da — fitxategi bera da',
+		typeMismatch: '"{name}" saltatu da — beste mota bateko elementu bat dago bidean',
+		transferFailed: '"{name}" transferentziak huts egin du: {error}',
+		unknownError: "errore ezezaguna",
+		saved: "{name} gorde da",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}: deskonektatuta ({reason})",
+		imported: { one: "konexio {count} inportatu da", other: "{count} konexio inportatu dira" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { one: " talde berri {count}ean", other: " {count} talde berritan" },
+		importedSkipped: " ({skipped} saltatuta)",
+		leftoverTitle: "Geratutako editatutako fitxategiak",
+		leftoverMore: ", +{count} gehiago",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			one: "Aurreko saio batek editatutako aldi baterako fitxategi {count} utzi zuen ({names}). Garbitu?",
+			other: "Aurreko saio batek editatutako aldi baterako {count} fitxategi utzi zituen ({names}). Garbitu?",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "Garbitu",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "Ezabatu",
+		deleteBody: "Ezabatu {what}? Karpetak errekurtsiboki ezabatzen dira. Ezin da desegin.",
+		deleteConfirm: "Ezabatu",
+		renameTitle: 'Berrizendatu "{name}"',
+		renameConfirm: "Berrizendatu",
+		newFolderTitle: "Karpeta berria",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "karpetaren izena",
+		newFileTitle: "Fitxategi berria",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "fitxategiaren izena",
+		createConfirm: "Sortu",
+		itemsCount: "{count} elementu",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "{app} (r)i buruz",
+		quit: "Irten",
+		file: "Fitxategia",
+		newTab: "Fitxa berria",
+		closeTab: "Itxi fitxa",
+		newFolder: "Karpeta berria",
+		newFile: "Fitxategi berria",
+		editFile: "Editatu fitxategia",
+		connect: "Konektatu",
+		connectionManager: "Konexio-kudeatzailea…",
+		edit: "Editatu",
+		view: "Ikusi",
+		refresh: "Freskatu",
+		window: "Leihoa",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "Tamaina",
+		modified: "Aldatze-data",
+		kind: "Mota",
+		rights: "Baimenak",
+		owner: "Jabea",
+		group: "Taldea",
+		revealFinder: "Erakutsi Finder-en",
+		revealExplorer: "Erakutsi Explorer-en",
+		revealFileManager: "Erakutsi fitxategi-kudeatzailean",
+		moveToTrash: "Eraman zakarrontzira",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "Eraman birziklatze-ontzira",
+		newFolder: "Karpeta berria",
+		newFile: "Fitxategi berria",
+		refresh: "Freskatu",
+		open: "Ireki",
+		openDefault: "Ireki lehenetsitako aplikazioarekin",
+		edit: "Editatu",
+		copyToOther: "Kopiatu beste panelera",
+		rename: "Berrizendatu",
+		permissions: "Baimenak",
+		copyPath: "Kopiatu bidea",
+		delete: "Ezabatu",
+		columns: "Zutabeak",
+		trashTooltip: "Finder-en «Jarri berriro» ez dago erabilgarri hemendik zakarrontzira botatako elementuentzat",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent ez dago erabilgarri (SSH_AUTH_SOCK ez dago ezarrita)",
+		identityFileNotFound: "identitate-fitxategia ez da aurkitu: {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: '"{id}" saioa ez dago konektatuta',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "Saio lokala ezin da deskonektatu",
+		notADirectory: '"{path}" badago eta ez da karpeta bat',
+		sameFileTransfer: '"{name}": iturburua eta helmuga fitxategi bera dira',
+		sameFileNoName: "Iturburua eta helmuga fitxategi bera dira",
+		folderOntoItself: "Ezin da karpeta bat bere gainean kopiatu",
+		folderIntoItself: "Ezin da karpeta bat bere barnean kopiatu",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/fr.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// French translations. Missing keys fall back to English (see en.ts / index.ts).
+export const fr = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "Annuler",
+		save: "Enregistrer",
+		close: "Fermer",
+		delete: "Supprimer",
+		rename: "Renommer",
+		create: "Créer",
+		apply: "Appliquer",
+		choose: "Choisir…",
+		connect: "Connecter",
+		local: "Local",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "Non connecté à l'application",
+		notConnectedBody: "Cette page s'exécute dans un navigateur classique. Lancez l'application de bureau pour l'utiliser.",
+		managerOpen: "Le gestionnaire de connexions est ouvert.",
+		showConnections: "Afficher les connexions",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "Connexions",
+		manageConnections: "Gérer les connexions",
+		newTab: "Nouvel onglet ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "Fermer l'onglet ({mod}W)",
+		options: "Options",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "Options",
+		language: "Langue",
+		system: "Système",
+		theme: { label: "Thème", system: "Système", light: "Clair", dark: "Sombre" },
+		tone: { label: "Ton", dark: "Sombre", darker: "Plus sombre" },
+		accent: { label: "Accent" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "Graphite",
+			blue: "Bleu",
+			indigo: "Indigo",
+			purple: "Violet",
+			rose: "Rose",
+			orange: "Orange",
+			green: "Vert",
+			teal: "Sarcelle",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "Icônes", plain: "Simple", multi: "Couleur" },
+		interface: { label: "Interface", compact: "Compacte", default: "Normale", large: "Grande" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "Unité de vitesse" },
+		transfers: { label: "Transferts", single: "Un", multi: "Plusieurs" },
+		atOnce: "Simultanés",
+		editor: { label: "Éditeur", builtin: "Intégré", custom: "Personnalisé" },
+		systemDefault: "Valeur par défaut du système",
+		resetDefault: "Réinitialiser par défaut",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "Transferts terminés", autoClear: "Effacer auto.", keep: "Garder" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "Dossier",
+		symlink: "Lien symbolique",
+		file: "Fichier",
+		image: "Image",
+		audio: "Audio",
+		video: "Vidéo",
+		archive: "Archive",
+		code: "Code",
+		document: "Document",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "Nom",
+		size: "Taille",
+		mtime: "Modifié",
+		kind: "Type",
+		rights: "Droits",
+		owner: "Propriétaire",
+		group: "Groupe",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "Choisir ce qu'affiche ce panneau",
+		copy: "Copier",
+		copyToRight: "Copier vers le panneau droit (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "Copier vers le panneau gauche (F5)",
+		edit: "Éditer",
+		editFile: "Éditer le fichier (F4)",
+		rename: "Renommer (F2)",
+		newFolder: "Nouveau dossier (F7)",
+		newFile: "Nouveau fichier",
+		permissions: "Autorisations",
+		delete: "Supprimer",
+		deleteHint: "Supprimer (F8 / Suppr)",
+		parentDir: "Dossier parent (Retour arrière)",
+		refresh: "Actualiser",
+		clearFilter: "Effacer le filtre (Échap)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "Connexion à {name}…",
+		emptyDir: "Dossier vide",
+		noMatches: "Aucun résultat",
+		matches: { one: "{count} résultat · Échap", other: "{count} résultats · Échap" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "Connexions",
+		importWinscp: "Importer depuis WinSCP…",
+		importWinscpHint: "Importer des sessions depuis un export WinSCP.ini",
+		newConnection: "Connexion",
+		newConnectionHint: "Nouvelle connexion",
+		newStack: "Groupe",
+		newStackHint: "Nouveau groupe",
+		expand: "Développer",
+		collapse: "Réduire",
+		renameStack: "Renommer le groupe",
+		deleteStack: "Supprimer le groupe",
+		openStack: "Ouvrir le groupe dans des onglets",
+		empty: "vide",
+		connectionsHeader: "Connexions",
+		noneTitle: "Aucune connexion enregistrée.",
+		noneBody: "Créez-en une ou importez vos sessions WinSCP.",
+		name: "Nom",
+		namePlaceholder: "mon serveur",
+		host: "Hôte",
+		port: "Port",
+		stack: "Groupe",
+		stackNone: "(aucun)",
+		username: "Utilisateur",
+		remotePath: "Chemin distant (facultatif)",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "dossier personnel",
+		auth: "Authentification",
+		authPassword: "Mot de passe",
+		authKey: "Clé privée",
+		password: "Mot de passe",
+		privateKeyFile: "Fichier de clé privée",
+		passphrase: "Phrase secrète (facultative)",
+		localDir: "Dossier local (facultatif)",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/projets/mon-serveur",
+		localDirHint: "L'autre panneau s'ouvre ici lorsqu'il est sur Local et n'a pas été parcouru.",
+		more: "Plus…",
+		less: "Moins…",
+		selectPrompt: "Sélectionnez une connexion ou créez-en une nouvelle.",
+		newStackTitle: "Nouveau groupe",
+		newStackPrompt: "nom du groupe",
+		renameStackTitle: "Renommer le groupe",
+		deleteStackTitle: "Supprimer le groupe",
+		deleteStackBody: 'Supprimer le groupe « {name} » ? Ses connexions sont conservées, sans groupe.',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "Supprimer la connexion",
+		deleteConnectionBody: 'Supprimer « {name} » ?',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "Aucun fichier à éditer",
+		noFileBody: "Cette fenêtre a été ouverte sans contexte d'éditeur. Ouvrez des fichiers depuis l'application.",
+		wrap: "Retour",
+		wrapHint: "Retour à la ligne — masque les numéros de ligne ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "Rechercher ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "Rechercher dans le fichier",
+		prevMatch: "Résultat précédent (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "Résultat suivant (↵)",
+		closeHint: "Fermer (Échap)",
+		disconnected: "Déconnecté de {name} — l'enregistrement échouera, mais votre texte est conservé dans cette fenêtre.",
+		cantOpen: "Impossible d'ouvrir {name}",
+		closeWindow: "Fermer la fenêtre",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S enregistrer · {mod}F rechercher · {mod}W fermer",
+		lines: { one: "{count} ligne", other: "{count} lignes" },
+		close: "Fermer",
+		save: "Enregistrer",
+		saveChangesTitle: 'Enregistrer les modifications de « {name} » ?',
+		saveChangesBody: "Vos modifications seront perdues si vous ne les enregistrez pas.",
+		dontSave: "Ne pas enregistrer",
+		countLabel: "{current} sur {total}",
+		noMatches: "Aucun résultat",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} en cours · {finished} terminés",
+		clearFinished: "Effacer les terminés",
+		cancel: "Annuler",
+		dismiss: "Ignorer",
+		showDetails: "Afficher les détails des transferts",
+		copying: "Copie de {name} · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} en file",
+		failed: { one: "{count} transfert échoué", other: "{count} transferts échoués" },
+		finished: "Transferts terminés",
+		ready: "Prêt",
+		items: "{count} éléments",
+		selected: "{count} sélectionnés",
+		queuedState: "En file",
+		scanning: "Analyse…",
+		failedState: "Échec",
+		cancelled: "Annulé",
+		completedFiles: { one: "{count} fichier · {size}", other: "{count} fichiers · {size}" },
+		left: "{eta} restant",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "Autorisations",
+		chmodItems: "{count} éléments",
+		read: "Lecture",
+		write: "Écriture",
+		execute: "Exécution",
+		roleOwner: "Propriétaire",
+		roleGroup: "Groupe",
+		roleOthers: "Autres",
+		octal: "Octal",
+		mergeFolder: "Fusionner le dossier",
+		replace: "Remplacer",
+		merge: "Fusionner",
+		mergeAll: "Tout fusionner",
+		replaceAll: "Tout remplacer",
+		skip: "Ignorer",
+		skipAll: "Tout ignorer",
+		ofTotal: "{index} sur {total}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "La destination contient déjà un dossier de ce nom. La fusion peut remplacer des fichiers.",
+		overwriteFileBody: "La destination contient déjà un fichier de ce nom.",
+		source: "Source",
+		destination: "Destination",
+		newer: "plus récent",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: '« {name} » mis à la corbeille',
+		editingExternal: "Édition de {name} — les enregistrements sont envoyés automatiquement",
+		nothingToCopy: "Rien à copier (les liens symboliques sont ignorés)",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "Rien à copier — tous les éléments en conflit ont été ignorés",
+		sameFolder: "Les deux panneaux affichent le même dossier",
+		sameFile: "« {name} » ignoré — c'est le même fichier",
+		typeMismatch: "« {name} » ignoré — un autre type d'élément est déjà là",
+		transferFailed: 'Le transfert « {name} » a échoué : {error}',
+		unknownError: "erreur inconnue",
+		saved: "{name} enregistré",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title} : déconnecté ({reason})",
+		imported: { one: "{count} connexion importée", other: "{count} connexions importées" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { one: " dans {count} nouveau groupe", other: " dans {count} nouveaux groupes" },
+		importedSkipped: " ({skipped} ignorées)",
+		leftoverTitle: "Fichiers édités restants",
+		leftoverMore: ", +{count} de plus",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			one: "Une session précédente a laissé {count} fichier édité temporaire ({names}). Les supprimer ?",
+			other: "Une session précédente a laissé {count} fichiers édités temporaires ({names}). Les supprimer ?",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "Supprimer",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "Supprimer",
+		deleteBody: "Supprimer {what} ? Les dossiers sont supprimés récursivement. Action irréversible.",
+		deleteConfirm: "Supprimer",
+		renameTitle: 'Renommer « {name} »',
+		renameConfirm: "Renommer",
+		newFolderTitle: "Nouveau dossier",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "nom du dossier",
+		newFileTitle: "Nouveau fichier",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "nom du fichier",
+		createConfirm: "Créer",
+		itemsCount: "{count} éléments",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "À propos de {app}",
+		quit: "Quitter",
+		file: "Fichier",
+		newTab: "Nouvel onglet",
+		closeTab: "Fermer l'onglet",
+		newFolder: "Nouveau dossier",
+		newFile: "Nouveau fichier",
+		editFile: "Éditer le fichier",
+		connect: "Connecter",
+		connectionManager: "Gestionnaire de connexions…",
+		edit: "Édition",
+		view: "Affichage",
+		refresh: "Actualiser",
+		window: "Fenêtre",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "Taille",
+		modified: "Modifié",
+		kind: "Type",
+		rights: "Droits",
+		owner: "Propriétaire",
+		group: "Groupe",
+		revealFinder: "Afficher dans le Finder",
+		revealExplorer: "Afficher dans l'Explorateur",
+		revealFileManager: "Afficher dans le gestionnaire de fichiers",
+		moveToTrash: "Mettre à la corbeille",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "Mettre à la corbeille",
+		newFolder: "Nouveau dossier",
+		newFile: "Nouveau fichier",
+		refresh: "Actualiser",
+		open: "Ouvrir",
+		openDefault: "Ouvrir avec l'application par défaut",
+		edit: "Éditer",
+		copyToOther: "Copier vers l'autre panneau",
+		rename: "Renommer",
+		permissions: "Autorisations",
+		copyPath: "Copier le chemin",
+		delete: "Supprimer",
+		columns: "Colonnes",
+		trashTooltip: "La restauration du Finder n'est pas disponible pour les éléments mis à la corbeille d'ici",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent indisponible (SSH_AUTH_SOCK non défini)",
+		identityFileNotFound: "fichier d'identité introuvable : {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: "La session « {id} » n'est pas connectée",
+		localCannotDisconnect: "La session locale ne peut pas être déconnectée",
+		notADirectory: "« {path} » existe et n'est pas un dossier",
+		sameFileTransfer: '« {name} » : la source et la destination sont le même fichier',
+		sameFileNoName: "La source et la destination sont le même fichier",
+		folderOntoItself: "Impossible de copier un dossier sur lui-même",
+		folderIntoItself: "Impossible de copier un dossier dans lui-même",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import type { SupportedLocale } from "../types";
+import { de } from "./de";
+import { en } from "./en";
+import { es } from "./es";
+import { eu } from "./eu";
+import { fr } from "./fr";
+import { ja } from "./ja";
+import { zh } from "./zh";
+
+/** A translation tree: leaves are strings; a leaf may be a plural map. */
+export type Messages = { readonly [key: string]: string | Messages };
+
+export const DICTS: Record<SupportedLocale, Messages> = { en, es, eu, fr, de, zh, ja };
+
+/** Order shown in the language picker. */
+export const SUPPORTED: readonly SupportedLocale[] = ["en", "es", "eu", "fr", "de", "zh", "ja"];
+
+/** Each language named in itself (endonyms) for the picker. */
+export const LOCALE_LABELS: Record<SupportedLocale, string> = {
+	en: "English",
+	es: "Español",
+	eu: "Euskara",
+	fr: "Français",
+	de: "Deutsch",
+	zh: "中文",
+	ja: "日本語",
+};
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the effective locale: an explicit choice wins; "system" maps the OS
+ * BCP-47 tag (e.g. "es-ES", "zh-Hans-CN") to a supported language, else English.
+ */
+export function resolveLocale(
+	setting: "system" | SupportedLocale,
+	osLocale: string | undefined,
+): SupportedLocale {
+	if (setting !== "system") return setting;
+	const tag = (osLocale ?? "en").toLowerCase();
+	const primary = tag.split("-")[0];
+	return (SUPPORTED as readonly string[]).includes(primary)
+		? (primary as SupportedLocale)
+		: "en";
+}

src/shared/i18n/ja.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// Japanese translations. Fall back to English for missing keys.
+// TODO(i18n): AI draft — needs native-speaker review.
+export const ja = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "キャンセル",
+		save: "保存",
+		close: "閉じる",
+		delete: "削除",
+		rename: "名前を変更",
+		create: "作成",
+		apply: "適用",
+		choose: "選択…",
+		connect: "接続",
+		local: "ローカル",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "アプリに接続されていません",
+		notConnectedBody: "このページは通常のブラウザで動作しています。デスクトップアプリを起動して使用してください。",
+		managerOpen: "接続マネージャーが開いています。",
+		showConnections: "接続を表示",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "接続",
+		manageConnections: "接続を管理",
+		newTab: "新しいタブ ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "タブを閉じる ({mod}W)",
+		options: "オプション",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "オプション",
+		language: "言語",
+		system: "システム",
+		theme: { label: "テーマ", system: "システム", light: "ライト", dark: "ダーク" },
+		tone: { label: "トーン", dark: "ダーク", darker: "より暗く" },
+		accent: { label: "アクセント" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "グラファイト",
+			blue: "ブルー",
+			indigo: "インディゴ",
+			purple: "パープル",
+			rose: "ローズ",
+			orange: "オレンジ",
+			green: "グリーン",
+			teal: "ティール",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "ファイルアイコン", plain: "シンプル", multi: "カラー" },
+		interface: { label: "インターフェース", compact: "コンパクト", default: "標準", large: "大" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "速度の単位" },
+		transfers: { label: "転送", single: "1件ずつ", multi: "複数" },
+		atOnce: "同時数",
+		editor: { label: "エディタ", builtin: "内蔵", custom: "カスタム" },
+		systemDefault: "システムの既定",
+		resetDefault: "既定に戻す",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "完了した転送", autoClear: "自動クリア", keep: "保持" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "フォルダ",
+		symlink: "シンボリックリンク",
+		file: "ファイル",
+		image: "画像",
+		audio: "オーディオ",
+		video: "動画",
+		archive: "アーカイブ",
+		code: "コード",
+		document: "ドキュメント",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "名前",
+		size: "サイズ",
+		mtime: "更新日時",
+		kind: "種類",
+		rights: "権限",
+		owner: "所有者",
+		group: "グループ",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "このパネルに表示する内容を選択",
+		copy: "コピー",
+		copyToRight: "右のパネルへコピー (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "左のパネルへコピー (F5)",
+		edit: "編集",
+		editFile: "ファイルを編集 (F4)",
+		rename: "名前を変更 (F2)",
+		newFolder: "新規フォルダ (F7)",
+		newFile: "新規ファイル",
+		permissions: "アクセス権",
+		delete: "削除",
+		deleteHint: "削除 (F8 / Del)",
+		parentDir: "親フォルダ (Backspace)",
+		refresh: "更新",
+		clearFilter: "フィルターをクリア (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "{name} に接続中…",
+		emptyDir: "空のフォルダ",
+		noMatches: "一致なし",
+		matches: { other: "{count} 件一致 · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "接続",
+		importWinscp: "WinSCP からインポート…",
+		importWinscpHint: "WinSCP.ini エクスポートからセッションをインポート",
+		newConnection: "接続",
+		newConnectionHint: "新規接続",
+		newStack: "グループ",
+		newStackHint: "新規グループ",
+		expand: "展開",
+		collapse: "折りたたむ",
+		renameStack: "グループ名を変更",
+		deleteStack: "グループを削除",
+		openStack: "グループをタブで開く",
+		empty: "空",
+		connectionsHeader: "接続",
+		noneTitle: "保存された接続はまだありません。",
+		noneBody: "作成するか、WinSCP セッションをインポートしてください。",
+		name: "名前",
+		namePlaceholder: "マイサーバー",
+		host: "ホスト",
+		port: "ポート",
+		stack: "グループ",
+		stackNone: "（なし）",
+		username: "ユーザー名",
+		remotePath: "リモートパス（任意）",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "ホームディレクトリ",
+		auth: "認証",
+		authPassword: "パスワード",
+		authKey: "秘密鍵",
+		password: "パスワード",
+		privateKeyFile: "秘密鍵ファイル",
+		passphrase: "パスフレーズ（任意）",
+		localDir: "ローカルディレクトリ（任意）",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/projects/my-server",
+		localDirHint: "もう一方のパネルがローカルで未操作のとき、ここが開きます。",
+		more: "詳細…",
+		less: "閉じる…",
+		selectPrompt: "接続を選択するか、新しく作成してください。",
+		newStackTitle: "新規グループ",
+		newStackPrompt: "グループ名",
+		renameStackTitle: "グループ名を変更",
+		deleteStackTitle: "グループを削除",
+		deleteStackBody: 'グループ "{name}" を削除しますか？含まれる接続は残り、グループ解除されます。',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "接続を削除",
+		deleteConnectionBody: '"{name}" を削除しますか？',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "編集するファイルがありません",
+		noFileBody: "このウィンドウはエディタコンテキストなしで開かれました。アプリからファイルを開いてください。",
+		wrap: "折り返し",
+		wrapHint: "長い行を折り返す — 行番号を非表示 ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "検索 ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "ファイル内を検索",
+		prevMatch: "前の一致 (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "次の一致 (↵)",
+		closeHint: "閉じる (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "{name} から切断されました — 保存は失敗しますが、テキストはこのウィンドウに保持されます。",
+		cantOpen: "{name} を開けません",
+		closeWindow: "ウィンドウを閉じる",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S 保存 · {mod}F 検索 · {mod}W 閉じる",
+		lines: { other: "{count} 行" },
+		close: "閉じる",
+		save: "保存",
+		saveChangesTitle: '"{name}" への変更を保存しますか？',
+		saveChangesBody: "保存しないと変更は失われます。",
+		dontSave: "保存しない",
+		countLabel: "{total} 件中 {current} 件目",
+		noMatches: "一致なし",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} 件実行中 · {finished} 件完了",
+		clearFinished: "完了分をクリア",
+		cancel: "キャンセル",
+		dismiss: "閉じる",
+		showDetails: "転送の詳細を表示",
+		copying: "{name} をコピー中 · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} 件待機中",
+		failed: { other: "{count} 件の転送が失敗" },
+		finished: "転送が完了しました",
+		ready: "準備完了",
+		items: "{count} 項目",
+		selected: "{count} 件選択中",
+		queuedState: "待機中",
+		scanning: "スキャン中…",
+		failedState: "失敗",
+		cancelled: "キャンセル済み",
+		completedFiles: { other: "{count} 個のファイル · {size}" },
+		left: "残り {eta}",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "アクセス権",
+		chmodItems: "{count} 項目",
+		read: "読み取り",
+		write: "書き込み",
+		execute: "実行",
+		roleOwner: "所有者",
+		roleGroup: "グループ",
+		roleOthers: "その他",
+		octal: "8進数",
+		mergeFolder: "フォルダを結合",
+		replace: "置き換える",
+		merge: "結合",
+		mergeAll: "すべて結合",
+		replaceAll: "すべて置き換える",
+		skip: "スキップ",
+		skipAll: "すべてスキップ",
+		ofTotal: "{total} 件中 {index} 件目",
+		overwriteDirBody: "コピー先に同名のフォルダが既にあります。結合すると中のファイルが置き換わる可能性があります。",
+		overwriteFileBody: "コピー先に同名のファイルが既にあります。",
+		source: "コピー元",
+		destination: "コピー先",
+		newer: "新しい",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: '"{name}" をゴミ箱に移動しました',
+		editingExternal: "{name} を編集中 — 保存すると自動でアップロードされます",
+		nothingToCopy: "コピーする項目がありません（シンボリックリンクはスキップされます）",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "コピーする項目がありません — 競合する項目はすべてスキップされました",
+		sameFolder: "両方のパネルが同じフォルダを表示しています",
+		sameFile: '"{name}" をスキップしました — 同じファイルです',
+		typeMismatch: '"{name}" をスキップしました — 別の種類の項目があります',
+		transferFailed: '転送 "{name}" が失敗しました: {error}',
+		unknownError: "不明なエラー",
+		saved: "{name} を保存しました",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}: 切断されました ({reason})",
+		imported: { other: "{count} 件の接続をインポートしました" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { other: "（{count} 件の新規グループに）" },
+		importedSkipped: "（{skipped} 件スキップ）",
+		leftoverTitle: "残った編集済みファイル",
+		leftoverMore: "、他 {count} 件",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			other: "前回のセッションで {count} 件の一時編集ファイルが残っています（{names}）。クリアしますか？",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "クリア",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "削除",
+		deleteBody: "{what} を削除しますか？フォルダは再帰的に削除されます。この操作は取り消せません。",
+		deleteConfirm: "削除",
+		renameTitle: '"{name}" の名前を変更',
+		renameConfirm: "名前を変更",
+		newFolderTitle: "新規フォルダ",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "フォルダ名",
+		newFileTitle: "新規ファイル",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "ファイル名",
+		createConfirm: "作成",
+		itemsCount: "{count} 項目",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "{app} について",
+		quit: "終了",
+		file: "ファイル",
+		newTab: "新しいタブ",
+		closeTab: "タブを閉じる",
+		newFolder: "新規フォルダ",
+		newFile: "新規ファイル",
+		editFile: "ファイルを編集",
+		connect: "接続",
+		connectionManager: "接続マネージャー…",
+		edit: "編集",
+		view: "表示",
+		refresh: "更新",
+		window: "ウィンドウ",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "サイズ",
+		modified: "更新日時",
+		kind: "種類",
+		rights: "権限",
+		owner: "所有者",
+		group: "グループ",
+		revealFinder: "Finder で表示",
+		revealExplorer: "エクスプローラーで表示",
+		revealFileManager: "ファイルマネージャーで表示",
+		moveToTrash: "ゴミ箱に移動",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "ごみ箱に移動",
+		newFolder: "新規フォルダ",
+		newFile: "新規ファイル",
+		refresh: "更新",
+		open: "開く",
+		openDefault: "既定のアプリで開く",
+		edit: "編集",
+		copyToOther: "もう一方のパネルへコピー",
+		rename: "名前を変更",
+		permissions: "アクセス権",
+		copyPath: "パスをコピー",
+		delete: "削除",
+		columns: "列",
+		trashTooltip: "ここからゴミ箱に入れた項目は Finder の「戻す」を利用できません",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent が利用できません（SSH_AUTH_SOCK が未設定）",
+		identityFileNotFound: "認証鍵ファイルが見つかりません: {path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: 'セッション "{id}" は接続されていません',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "ローカルセッションは切断できません",
+		notADirectory: '"{path}" は存在し、フォルダではありません',
+		sameFileTransfer: '"{name}": コピー元とコピー先が同じファイルです',
+		sameFileNoName: "コピー元とコピー先が同じファイルです",
+		folderOntoItself: "フォルダをそれ自身の上にコピーすることはできません",
+		folderIntoItself: "フォルダをそれ自身の中にコピーすることはできません",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/i18n/zh.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// Simplified Chinese translations. Fall back to English for missing keys.
+// TODO(i18n): AI draft — needs native-speaker review.
+export const zh = {
+	common: {
+		cancel: "取消",
+		save: "保存",
+		close: "关闭",
+		delete: "删除",
+		rename: "重命名",
+		create: "创建",
+		apply: "应用",
+		choose: "选择…",
+		connect: "连接",
+		local: "本地",
+	},
+	app: {
+		notConnectedTitle: "未连接到应用",
+		notConnectedBody: "此页面运行在普通浏览器中。请启动桌面应用来使用。",
+		managerOpen: "连接管理器已打开。",
+		showConnections: "显示连接",
+	},
+	tabBar: {
+		connections: "连接",
+		manageConnections: "管理连接",
+		newTab: "新建标签页 ({mod}T)",
+		closeTab: "关闭标签页 ({mod}W)",
+		options: "选项",
+	},
+	options: {
+		title: "选项",
+		language: "语言",
+		system: "系统",
+		theme: { label: "主题", system: "系统", light: "浅色", dark: "深色" },
+		tone: { label: "色调", dark: "深色", darker: "更深" },
+		accent: { label: "强调色" },
+		accentNames: {
+			graphite: "石墨",
+			blue: "蓝色",
+			indigo: "靛蓝",
+			purple: "紫色",
+			rose: "玫红",
+			orange: "橙色",
+			green: "绿色",
+			teal: "青色",
+		},
+		fileIcons: { label: "文件图标", plain: "简约", multi: "彩色" },
+		interface: { label: "界面", compact: "紧凑", default: "默认", large: "大" },
+		speedUnit: { label: "速度单位" },
+		transfers: { label: "传输", single: "单个", multi: "多个" },
+		atOnce: "同时",
+		editor: { label: "编辑器", builtin: "内置", custom: "自定义" },
+		systemDefault: "系统默认",
+		resetDefault: "恢复为系统默认",
+		finishedTransfers: { label: "已完成传输", autoClear: "自动清除", keep: "保留" },
+	},
+	kinds: {
+		folder: "文件夹",
+		symlink: "符号链接",
+		file: "文件",
+		image: "图像",
+		audio: "音频",
+		video: "视频",
+		archive: "压缩包",
+		code: "代码",
+		document: "文档",
+	},
+	columns: {
+		name: "名称",
+		size: "大小",
+		mtime: "修改时间",
+		kind: "类型",
+		rights: "权限",
+		owner: "所有者",
+		group: "组",
+	},
+	panel: {
+		choosePanel: "选择此面板显示的内容",
+		copy: "复制",
+		copyToRight: "复制到右侧面板 (F5)",
+		copyToLeft: "复制到左侧面板 (F5)",
+		edit: "编辑",
+		editFile: "编辑文件 (F4)",
+		rename: "重命名 (F2)",
+		newFolder: "新建文件夹 (F7)",
+		newFile: "新建文件",
+		permissions: "权限",
+		delete: "删除",
+		deleteHint: "删除 (F8 / Del)",
+		parentDir: "上级目录 (退格)",
+		refresh: "刷新",
+		clearFilter: "清除筛选 (Esc)",
+		sshConfig: "~/.ssh/config",
+		connectingTo: "正在连接 {name}…",
+		emptyDir: "空目录",
+		noMatches: "无匹配项",
+		matches: { other: "{count} 个匹配 · Esc" },
+	},
+	connMgr: {
+		title: "连接",
+		importWinscp: "从 WinSCP 导入…",
+		importWinscpHint: "从 WinSCP.ini 导出文件导入会话",
+		newConnection: "连接",
+		newConnectionHint: "新建连接",
+		newStack: "分组",
+		newStackHint: "新建分组",
+		expand: "展开",
+		collapse: "折叠",
+		renameStack: "重命名分组",
+		deleteStack: "删除分组",
+		openStack: "在标签页中打开分组",
+		empty: "空",
+		connectionsHeader: "连接",
+		noneTitle: "尚无已保存的连接。",
+		noneBody: "创建一个，或导入你的 WinSCP 会话。",
+		name: "名称",
+		namePlaceholder: "我的服务器",
+		host: "主机",
+		port: "端口",
+		stack: "分组",
+		stackNone: "（无）",
+		username: "用户名",
+		remotePath: "远程路径（可选）",
+		remotePathPlaceholder: "主目录",
+		auth: "认证",
+		authPassword: "密码",
+		authKey: "私钥",
+		password: "密码",
+		privateKeyFile: "私钥文件",
+		passphrase: "密钥口令（可选）",
+		localDir: "本地目录（可选）",
+		localDirPlaceholder: "~/projects/my-server",
+		localDirHint: "当另一个面板处于本地且未浏览过时，将在此打开。",
+		more: "更多…",
+		less: "收起…",
+		selectPrompt: "选择一个连接或新建一个。",
+		newStackTitle: "新建分组",
+		newStackPrompt: "分组名称",
+		renameStackTitle: "重命名分组",
+		deleteStackTitle: "删除分组",
+		deleteStackBody: '删除分组 "{name}"？其中的连接将保留但不再分组。',
+		deleteConnectionTitle: "删除连接",
+		deleteConnectionBody: '删除 "{name}"？',
+	},
+	editor: {
+		noFileTitle: "没有要编辑的文件",
+		noFileBody: "此窗口在没有编辑器上下文的情况下打开。请从应用中打开文件。",
+		wrap: "换行",
+		wrapHint: "长行自动换行 — 隐藏行号 ({alt}Z)",
+		findHint: "查找 ({mod}F)",
+		findPlaceholder: "在文件中查找",
+		prevMatch: "上一个匹配 (⇧↵)",
+		nextMatch: "下一个匹配 (↵)",
+		closeHint: "关闭 (Esc)",
+		disconnected: "已从 {name} 断开 — 保存将失败，但你的文本会保留在此窗口中。",
+		cantOpen: "无法打开 {name}",
+		closeWindow: "关闭窗口",
+		shortcuts: "{mod}S 保存 · {mod}F 查找 · {mod}W 关闭",
+		lines: { other: "{count} 行" },
+		close: "关闭",
+		save: "保存",
+		saveChangesTitle: '保存对 "{name}" 的更改？',
+		saveChangesBody: "如果不保存，你的更改将丢失。",
+		dontSave: "不保存",
+		countLabel: "第 {current} / {total}",
+		noMatches: "无匹配项",
+	},
+	transfer: {
+		summary: "{active} 进行中 · {finished} 已完成",
+		clearFinished: "清除已完成",
+		cancel: "取消",
+		dismiss: "忽略",
+		showDetails: "显示传输详情",
+		copying: "正在复制 {name} · {percent}%{speed}",
+		queued: "{count} 个排队中",
+		failed: { other: "{count} 个传输失败" },
+		finished: "传输已完成",
+		ready: "就绪",
+		items: "{count} 项",
+		selected: "已选 {count} 项",
+		queuedState: "排队中",
+		scanning: "扫描中…",
+		failedState: "失败",
+		cancelled: "已取消",
+		completedFiles: { other: "{count} 个文件 · {size}" },
+		left: "剩余 {eta}",
+	},
+	dialogs: {
+		chmodTitle: "权限",
+		chmodItems: "{count} 项",
+		read: "读",
+		write: "写",
+		execute: "执行",
+		roleOwner: "所有者",
+		roleGroup: "组",
+		roleOthers: "其他",
+		octal: "八进制",
+		mergeFolder: "合并文件夹",
+		replace: "替换",
+		merge: "合并",
+		mergeAll: "全部合并",
+		replaceAll: "全部替换",
+		skip: "跳过",
+		skipAll: "全部跳过",
+		ofTotal: "第 {index} / {total}",
+		overwriteDirBody: "目标位置已存在同名文件夹。合并可能会替换其中的文件。",
+		overwriteFileBody: "目标位置已存在同名文件。",
+		source: "源",
+		destination: "目标",
+		newer: "较新",
+	},
+	toasts: {
+		movedToTrash: '已将 "{name}" 移到废纸篓',
+		editingExternal: "正在编辑 {name} — 保存后会自动上传",
+		nothingToCopy: "没有可复制的内容（符号链接将被跳过）",
+		nothingToCopyAllSkipped: "没有可复制的内容 — 所有冲突项都被跳过",
+		sameFolder: "两个面板显示的是同一个文件夹",
+		sameFile: '已跳过 "{name}" — 它是同一个文件',
+		typeMismatch: '已跳过 "{name}" — 目标处是不同类型的项目',
+		transferFailed: '传输 "{name}" 失败：{error}',
+		unknownError: "未知错误",
+		saved: "已保存 {name}",
+		disconnectedReason: "{title}：已断开（{reason}）",
+		imported: { other: "已导入 {count} 个连接" },
+		importedIntoStacks: { other: "，归入 {count} 个新分组" },
+		importedSkipped: "（跳过 {skipped} 个）",
+		leftoverTitle: "残留的已编辑文件",
+		leftoverMore: "，还有 {count} 个",
+		leftoverBody: {
+			other: "上一次会话遗留了 {count} 个临时编辑文件（{names}）。要清除吗？",
+		},
+		leftoverClear: "清除",
+	},
+	fileActions: {
+		deleteTitle: "删除",
+		deleteBody: "删除 {what}？文件夹将被递归删除。此操作无法撤销。",
+		deleteConfirm: "删除",
+		renameTitle: '重命名 "{name}"',
+		renameConfirm: "重命名",
+		newFolderTitle: "新建文件夹",
+		newFolderPlaceholder: "文件夹名称",
+		newFileTitle: "新建文件",
+		newFilePlaceholder: "文件名称",
+		createConfirm: "创建",
+		itemsCount: "{count} 项",
+	},
+	menu: {
+		about: "关于 {app}",
+		quit: "退出",
+		file: "文件",
+		newTab: "新建标签页",
+		closeTab: "关闭标签页",
+		newFolder: "新建文件夹",
+		newFile: "新建文件",
+		editFile: "编辑文件",
+		connect: "连接",
+		connectionManager: "连接管理器…",
+		edit: "编辑",
+		view: "查看",
+		refresh: "刷新",
+		window: "窗口",
+	},
+	ctx: {
+		size: "大小",
+		modified: "修改时间",
+		kind: "类型",
+		rights: "权限",
+		owner: "所有者",
+		group: "组",
+		revealFinder: "在访达中显示",
+		revealExplorer: "在资源管理器中显示",
+		revealFileManager: "在文件管理器中显示",
+		moveToTrash: "移到废纸篓",
+		moveToRecycleBin: "移到回收站",
+		newFolder: "新建文件夹",
+		newFile: "新建文件",
+		refresh: "刷新",
+		open: "打开",
+		openDefault: "用默认应用打开",
+		edit: "编辑",
+		copyToOther: "复制到另一个面板",
+		rename: "重命名",
+		permissions: "权限",
+		copyPath: "复制路径",
+		delete: "删除",
+		columns: "列",
+		trashTooltip: "从此处移入废纸篓的项目无法使用访达的放回原处功能",
+	},
+	errors: {
+		sshAgentUnavailable: "ssh-agent 不可用（未设置 SSH_AUTH_SOCK）",
+		identityFileNotFound: "找不到身份文件：{path}",
+		sessionNotConnected: '会话 "{id}" 未连接',
+		localCannotDisconnect: "无法断开本地会话",
+		notADirectory: '"{path}" 已存在且不是文件夹',
+		sameFileTransfer: '"{name}"：源和目标是同一个文件',
+		sameFileNoName: "源和目标是同一个文件",
+		folderOntoItself: "无法将文件夹复制到其自身之上",
+		folderIntoItself: "无法将文件夹复制到其自身内部",
+	},
+} as const;

src/shared/types.ts

@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ export interface ConnectionsFile {
 	connections: SavedConnection[];
 }
 
+/** UI languages the app ships translations for. */
+export type SupportedLocale = "en" | "es" | "eu" | "fr" | "de" | "zh" | "ja";
+
 export type AccentTone =
 	| "graphite"
 	| "blue"
@@ -73,6 +76,8 @@ export type AccentTone =
 	| "teal";
 
 export interface AppSettings {
+	/** UI language; "system" resolves to the OS locale (fallback English). */
+	locale: "system" | SupportedLocale;
 	theme: "system" | "light" | "dark";
 	/** Dark appearance: grey ("dark") or near-black AMOLED ("darker"). */
 	darkTone: "dark" | "darker";
@@ -102,6 +107,7 @@ export interface AppSettings {
 }
 
 export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS: AppSettings = {
+	locale: "system",
 	theme: "system",
 	darkTone: "dark",
 	accent: "blue",

ui/src/app/app.html

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
     <div class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-center">
       <div class="max-w-sm rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-6 text-center shadow-sm">
         <ng-icon name="mynaXCircle" size="1.5rem" class="text-destructive" />
-        <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">Not connected to the app</p>
+        <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">{{ i18n.t('app.notConnectedTitle') }}</p>
         <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          This page is running in a plain browser. Launch the desktop app to use it.
+          {{ i18n.t('app.notConnectedBody') }}
         </p>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@
     >
       <div class="rounded-lg border border-border bg-card px-5 py-4 text-center shadow-xl">
         <ng-icon name="mynaServers" size="1.25rem" class="text-muted-foreground" />
-        <p class="mt-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">The connection manager is open.</p>
+        <p class="mt-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('app.managerOpen') }}</p>
         <button
           class="mt-3 rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90"
         >
-          Show Connections
+          {{ i18n.t('app.showConnections') }}
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>

ui/src/app/app.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Component, inject, signal } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { BRANDING } from '@shared/branding';
 import type { ColumnKey } from '@shared/types';
 import { ConnectionsService } from './connections.service';
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ import { TransfersService } from './transfers.service';
   },
 })
 export class App {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
   readonly toast = inject(ToastService);
   readonly dialogs = inject(DialogsService);
@@ -76,11 +78,12 @@ export class App {
     const res = await this.rpc.request.getEditLeftovers({});
     if (!res.ok || !res.names.length) return;
     const shown = res.names.slice(0, 5).join(', ');
-    const more = res.names.length > 5 ? `, +${res.names.length - 5} more` : '';
+    const more =
+      res.names.length > 5 ? this.i18n.t('toasts.leftoverMore', { count: res.names.length - 5 }) : '';
     this.dialogs.confirm.set({
-      title: 'Leftover edited files',
-      body: `A previous session left ${res.names.length} temporary edited file(s) behind (${shown}${more}). Clear them?`,
-      confirmLabel: 'Clear',
+      title: this.i18n.t('toasts.leftoverTitle'),
+      body: this.i18n.t('toasts.leftoverBody', { count: res.names.length, names: shown + more }),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('toasts.leftoverClear'),
       destructive: true,
       onConfirm: () => void this.rpc.request.clearEditLeftovers({}),
     });

ui/src/app/connection-manager/connection-manager.html

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
     [class.pl-3]="!isMacChrome"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaServers" size="0.95rem" class="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
-    <h1 class="text-sm font-semibold">Connections</h1>
+    <h1 class="text-sm font-semibold">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.title') }}</h1>
     <div class="flex-1"></div>
     <button
       (click)="importWinScp()"
       [disabled]="importing()"
-      title="Import sessions from a WinSCP.ini export"
+      [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.importWinscpHint')"
       class="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
     >
       @if (importing()) {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
       } @else {
         <!-- <ng-icon name="mynaArchive" size="0.85rem" /> -->
       }
-      Import from WinSCP...
+      {{ i18n.t('connMgr.importWinscp') }}
     </button>
   </header>
 
@@ -33,17 +33,17 @@
         <div class="flex items-center gap-1 border-b border-border px-2 py-1.5">
           <button
             (click)="newConnection()"
-            title="New connection"
+            [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.newConnectionHint')"
             class="flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
           >
-            <ng-icon name="mynaPlus" size="0.85rem" /> Connection
+            <ng-icon name="mynaPlus" size="0.85rem" /> {{ i18n.t('connMgr.newConnection') }}
           </button>
           <button
             (click)="newStack()"
-            title="New stack"
+            [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.newStackHint')"
             class="flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
           >
-            <ng-icon name="mynaFolderPlus" size="0.85rem" /> Stack
+            <ng-icon name="mynaFolderPlus" size="0.85rem" /> {{ i18n.t('connMgr.newStack') }}
           </button>
         </div>
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
                 <button
                   (click)="toggleStack(group.stack)"
                   class="grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
-                  [title]="group.stack.collapsed ? 'Expand' : 'Collapse'"
+                  [title]="group.stack.collapsed ? i18n.t('connMgr.expand') : i18n.t('connMgr.collapse')"
                 >
                   <ng-icon
                     [name]="group.stack.collapsed ? 'mynaChevronRight' : 'mynaChevronDown'"
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@
                 <div class="hidden shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5 group-hover:flex">
                   <button
                     (click)="renameStack(group.stack)"
-                    title="Rename stack"
+                    [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.renameStack')"
                     class="grid size-4 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
                   >
                     <ng-icon name="mynaEdit" size="0.75rem" />
                   </button>
                   <button
                     (click)="deleteStack(group.stack)"
-                    title="Delete stack"
+                    [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.deleteStack')"
                     class="grid size-4 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
                   >
                     <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="0.75rem" />
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
                   @if (group.connections.length) {
                     <button
                       (click)="openStack(group.stack.id)"
-                      title="Open stack in tabs"
+                      [title]="i18n.t('connMgr.openStack')"
                       class="grid size-4 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:text-primary"
                     >
                       <ng-icon name="mynaArrowRight" size="0.8rem" />
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
                     <span class="truncate">{{ connection.name }}</span>
                   </button>
                 } @empty {
-                  <div class="py-1 pl-6 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground italic">empty</div>
+                  <div class="py-1 pl-6 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground italic">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.empty') }}</div>
                 }
               }
             </div>
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
           >
             @if (store.grouped().stacks.length && store.grouped().loose.length) {
               <div class="px-2 pt-2 pb-0.5 text-[11px] font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase">
-                Connections
+                {{ i18n.t('connMgr.connectionsHeader') }}
               </div>
             }
             @for (connection of store.grouped().loose; track connection.id) {
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@
 
           @if (!store.connections().length && !store.stacks().length) {
             <p class="px-3 py-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-              No saved connections yet. 
+              {{ i18n.t('connMgr.noneTitle') }}
             </p>
             <p class="px-3 py-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-              Create one, or import your WinSCP sessions.
+              {{ i18n.t('connMgr.noneBody') }}
             </p>
           }
         </div>
@@ -177,18 +177,18 @@
         @if (draft(); as d) {
           <div class="grid flex-1 auto-rows-min grid-cols-2 gap-x-4 gap-y-3 overflow-y-auto p-5">
             <label class="col-span-2 flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-              <span class="text-muted-foreground">Name</span>
+              <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.name') }}</span>
               <input
                 [value]="d.name"
                 (input)="patch('name', $any($event.target).value)"
-                placeholder="my server"
+                [placeholder]="i18n.t('connMgr.namePlaceholder')"
                 spellcheck="false"
                 class="h-7 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-2 outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
               />
             </label>
 
             <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-              <span class="text-muted-foreground">Host</span>
+              <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.host') }}</span>
               <input
                 [value]="d.host"
                 (input)="patch('host', $any($event.target).value)"
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
             </label>
             <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
               <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Port</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.port') }}</span>
                 <input
                   type="number"
                   [value]="d.port"
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@
                 />
               </label>
               <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Stack</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.stack') }}</span>
                 <select
                   (change)="patch('stackId', $any($event.target).value || null)"
                   class="h-7 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-1 outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
                 >
                   <!-- [selected] per option: binding [value] on the <select> runs
                        before the options render and silently shows "(none)" -->
-                  <option value="" [selected]="!d.stackId">(none)</option>
+                  <option value="" [selected]="!d.stackId">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.stackNone') }}</option>
                   @for (stack of store.stacks(); track stack.id) {
                     <option [value]="stack.id" [selected]="d.stackId === stack.id">
                       {{ stack.name }}
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
             </div>
 
             <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-              <span class="text-muted-foreground">Username</span>
+              <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.username') }}</span>
               <input
                 [value]="d.username"
                 (input)="patch('username', $any($event.target).value)"
@@ -235,18 +235,18 @@
               />
             </label>
             <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-              <span class="text-muted-foreground">Remote path (optional)</span>
+              <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.remotePath') }}</span>
               <input
                 [value]="d.initialPath"
                 (input)="patch('initialPath', $any($event.target).value)"
-                placeholder="home directory"
+                [placeholder]="i18n.t('connMgr.remotePathPlaceholder')"
                 spellcheck="false"
                 class="h-7 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-2 font-mono outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
               />
             </label>
 
             <div class="col-span-2 flex items-center gap-4 text-xs">
-              <span class="text-muted-foreground">Auth</span>
+              <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.auth') }}</span>
               <label class="flex items-center gap-1.5">
                 <input
                   type="radio"
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
                   (change)="patch('authKind', 'password')"
                   class="accent-primary"
                 />
-                Password
+                {{ i18n.t('connMgr.authPassword') }}
               </label>
               <label class="flex items-center gap-1.5">
                 <input
@@ -265,13 +265,13 @@
                   (change)="patch('authKind', 'key')"
                   class="accent-primary"
                 />
-                Private key
+                {{ i18n.t('connMgr.authKey') }}
               </label>
             </div>
 
             @if (d.authKind === 'password') {
               <label class="col-span-2 flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Password</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.password') }}</span>
                 <input
                   type="password"
                   [value]="d.password"
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
               </label>
             } @else {
               <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Private key file</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.privateKeyFile') }}</span>
                 <div class="flex items-center gap-1">
                   <input
                     [value]="d.privateKeyPath"
@@ -295,12 +295,12 @@
                     (click)="pickKeyFile()"
                     class="h-7 shrink-0 rounded-md border border-border px-2 text-[11px] hover:bg-accent"
                   >
-                    Choose…
+                    {{ i18n.t('common.choose') }}
                   </button>
                 </div>
               </label>
               <label class="flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Passphrase (optional)</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.passphrase') }}</span>
                 <input
                   type="password"
                   [value]="d.passphrase"
@@ -312,16 +312,16 @@
 
             @if (moreOpen()) {
               <label class="col-span-2 flex flex-col gap-1 text-xs">
-                <span class="text-muted-foreground">Local directory (optional)</span>
+                <span class="text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('connMgr.localDir') }}</span>
                 <input
                   [value]="d.localDir"
                   (input)="patch('localDir', $any($event.target).value)"
-                  placeholder="~/projects/my-server"
+                  [placeholder]="i18n.t('connMgr.localDirPlaceholder')"
                   spellcheck="false"
                   class="h-7 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-2 font-mono outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
                 />
                 <span class="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/80">
-                  The other panel opens here when it's on Local and hasn't been navigated.
+                  {{ i18n.t('connMgr.localDirHint') }}
                 </span>
               </label>
             }
@@ -332,13 +332,13 @@
               (click)="deleteCurrent()"
               class="flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-destructive"
             >
-              <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="0.85rem" /> Delete
+              <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="0.85rem" /> {{ i18n.t('common.delete') }}
             </button>
             <button
               (click)="moreOpen.set(!moreOpen())"
               class="rounded-md border border-border px-2 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
             >
-              {{ moreOpen() ? 'Less…' : 'More…' }}
+              {{ moreOpen() ? i18n.t('connMgr.less') : i18n.t('connMgr.more') }}
             </button>
             <div class="flex-1"></div>
             <button
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
               [disabled]="!valid()"
               class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent disabled:opacity-50"
             >
-              Save
+              {{ i18n.t('common.save') }}
             </button>
             <button
               (click)="saveAndConnect()"
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
               @if (busy()) {
                 <ng-icon name="mynaSpinner" size="0.85rem" class="animate-spin" />
               }
-              Connect
+              {{ i18n.t('common.connect') }}
             </button>
           </div>
         } @else {
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@
             <div class="text-center">
               <ng-icon name="mynaServers" size="1.75rem" class="text-muted-foreground" />
               <p class="mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                Select a connection or create a new one.
+                {{ i18n.t('connMgr.selectPrompt') }}
               </p>
             </div>
           </div>

ui/src/app/connection-manager/connection-manager.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Component, computed, inject, signal } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import type { SavedConnection, Stack } from '@shared/types';
 import { ConnectionsService } from '../connections.service';
 import { ConfirmDialog } from '../dialogs/confirm-dialog';
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ function fromDraft(d: Draft): SavedConnection {
   },
 })
 export class ConnectionManager {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly store = inject(ConnectionsService);
   readonly dialogs = inject(DialogsService);
   readonly isMacChrome = IS_MAC_CHROME;
@@ -174,9 +176,9 @@ export class ConnectionManager {
       return;
     }
     this.dialogs.confirm.set({
-      title: 'Delete connection',
-      body: `Delete "${d.name || d.host}"?`,
-      confirmLabel: 'Delete',
+      title: this.i18n.t('connMgr.deleteConnectionTitle'),
+      body: this.i18n.t('connMgr.deleteConnectionBody', { name: d.name || d.host }),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('common.delete'),
       destructive: true,
       onConfirm: async () => {
         await this.store.remove(d.id);
@@ -212,27 +214,27 @@ export class ConnectionManager {
 
   newStack(): void {
     this.dialogs.prompt.set({
-      title: 'New stack',
-      placeholder: 'stack name',
-      confirmLabel: 'Create',
+      title: this.i18n.t('connMgr.newStackTitle'),
+      placeholder: this.i18n.t('connMgr.newStackPrompt'),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('fileActions.createConfirm'),
       onConfirm: (name) => void this.store.upsertStack({ id: '', name }),
     });
   }
 
   renameStack(stack: Stack): void {
     this.dialogs.prompt.set({
-      title: 'Rename stack',
+      title: this.i18n.t('connMgr.renameStackTitle'),
       initial: stack.name,
-      confirmLabel: 'Rename',
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('connMgr.renameStack'),
       onConfirm: (name) => void this.store.upsertStack({ ...stack, name }),
     });
   }
 
   deleteStack(stack: Stack): void {
     this.dialogs.confirm.set({
-      title: 'Delete stack',
-      body: `Delete stack "${stack.name}"? Its connections stay, ungrouped.`,
-      confirmLabel: 'Delete',
+      title: this.i18n.t('connMgr.deleteStackTitle'),
+      body: this.i18n.t('connMgr.deleteStackBody', { name: stack.name }),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('common.delete'),
       destructive: true,
       onConfirm: () => void this.store.removeStack(stack.id),
     });

ui/src/app/connections.service.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import { Injectable, computed, inject, signal } from '@angular/core';
 import type { SavedConnection, SshConfigHost, Stack } from '@shared/types';
 import { RpcService } from './rpc.service';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { ToastService } from './toast.service';
 
 @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
 export class ConnectionsService {
+  private readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   private readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
   private readonly toast = inject(ToastService);
 
@@ -86,11 +88,10 @@ export class ConnectionsService {
       return;
     }
     if (res.connections || res.stacks || res.skipped) {
-      const skipped = res.skipped ? ` (${res.skipped} skipped)` : '';
+      const skipped = res.skipped ? this.i18n.t('toasts.importedSkipped', { skipped: res.skipped }) : '';
+      const stacks = res.stacks ? this.i18n.t('toasts.importedIntoStacks', { count: res.stacks }) : '';
       this.toast.success(
-        `Imported ${res.connections} connection${res.connections === 1 ? '' : 's'}` +
-          (res.stacks ? ` into ${res.stacks} new stack${res.stacks === 1 ? '' : 's'}` : '') +
-          skipped,
+        this.i18n.t('toasts.imported', { count: res.connections }) + stacks + skipped,
       );
     }
     await this.reload();

ui/src/app/dialogs/chmod-dialog.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { Component, computed, inject, input, signal } from '@angular/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { DialogsService, type ChmodRequest } from '../dialogs.service';
 import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
 
-const ROLES = ['Owner', 'Group', 'Others'] as const;
+const ROLES = ['roleOwner', 'roleGroup', 'roleOthers'] as const;
 const PERMS = ['r', 'w', 'x'] as const;
 
 @Component({
@@ -14,22 +15,22 @@ const PERMS = ['r', 'w', 'x'] as const;
         (mousedown)="$event.stopPropagation()"
         (keydown.escape)="cancel()"
       >
-        <h2 class="text-sm font-semibold">Permissions</h2>
+        <h2 class="text-sm font-semibold">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.chmodTitle') }}</h2>
         <p class="mt-1 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ targetLabel() }}</p>
 
         <table class="mt-3 w-full text-xs">
           <thead>
             <tr class="text-muted-foreground">
               <th class="pb-1 text-left font-normal"></th>
-              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">Read</th>
-              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">Write</th>
-              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">Execute</th>
+              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.read') }}</th>
+              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.write') }}</th>
+              <th class="pb-1 font-normal">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.execute') }}</th>
             </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
             @for (role of roles; track role; let r = $index) {
               <tr>
-                <td class="py-1 pr-2 text-muted-foreground">{{ role }}</td>
+                <td class="py-1 pr-2 text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.' + role) }}</td>
                 @for (perm of perms; track perm; let p = $index) {
                   <td class="py-1 text-center">
                     <input
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ const PERMS = ['r', 'w', 'x'] as const;
         </table>
 
         <div class="mt-3 flex items-center gap-2">
-          <label class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Octal</label>
+          <label class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('dialogs.octal') }}</label>
           <input
             [value]="octal()"
             (input)="setOctal($any($event.target).value)"
@@ -61,13 +62,13 @@ const PERMS = ['r', 'w', 'x'] as const;
             (click)="cancel()"
             class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
           >
-            Cancel
+            {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
           </button>
           <button
             (click)="submit()"
             class="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90"
           >
-            Apply
+            {{ i18n.t('common.apply') }}
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ const PERMS = ['r', 'w', 'x'] as const;
   `,
 })
 export class ChmodDialog {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly request = input.required<ChmodRequest>();
 
   readonly roles = ROLES;
@@ -90,7 +92,9 @@ export class ChmodDialog {
 
   targetLabel(): string {
     const targets = this.request().targets;
-    return targets.length === 1 ? targets[0] : `${targets.length} items`;
+    return targets.length === 1
+      ? targets[0]
+      : this.i18n.t('dialogs.chmodItems', { count: targets.length });
   }
 
   hasBit(role: number, perm: number): boolean {

ui/src/app/dialogs/confirm-dialog.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Component, ElementRef, afterNextRender, inject, input, viewChild } from '@angular/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { DialogsService, type ConfirmRequest } from '../dialogs.service';
 import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
             (click)="cancel()"
             class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
           >
-            Cancel
+            {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
           </button>
           <button
             #confirmBtn
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
   `,
 })
 export class ConfirmDialog {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly request = input.required<ConfirmRequest>();
 
   private readonly confirmBtn = viewChild.required<ElementRef<HTMLButtonElement>>('confirmBtn');

ui/src/app/dialogs/overwrite-dialog.ts

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import {
   viewChild,
 } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { DialogsService, type OverwriteChoice, type OverwriteRequest } from '../dialogs.service';
-import { formatDate, formatSize } from '../format';
 import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
 
 @Component({
@@ -25,23 +25,22 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
       >
         <div class="flex items-start justify-between gap-2">
           <h2 class="min-w-0 text-sm font-semibold">
-            {{ isDir() ? 'Merge folder' : 'Replace' }}
+            {{ isDir() ? i18n.t('dialogs.mergeFolder') : i18n.t('dialogs.replace') }}
             <span class="font-mono">"{{ request().srcEntry.name }}"</span>?
           </h2>
           @if (request().total > 1) {
             <span
               class="shrink-0 rounded-full bg-muted px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] font-medium text-muted-foreground"
             >
-              {{ request().index }} of {{ request().total }}
+              {{ i18n.t('dialogs.ofTotal', { index: request().index, total: request().total }) }}
             </span>
           }
         </div>
         <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
           @if (isDir()) {
-            The destination already has a folder with this name. Merging may replace files inside
-            it.
+            {{ i18n.t('dialogs.overwriteDirBody') }}
           } @else {
-            The destination already has a file with this name.
+            {{ i18n.t('dialogs.overwriteFileBody') }}
           }
         </p>
 
@@ -51,11 +50,11 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
             <div class="rounded-md border border-border p-2.5">
               <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
                 <span class="text-[10px] font-medium tracking-wide text-muted-foreground uppercase">
-                  {{ side.label }}
+                  {{ i18n.t('dialogs.' + side.label) }}
                 </span>
                 @if (side.newer) {
                   <span class="rounded-full bg-success/15 px-1.5 text-[10px] font-medium text-success">
-                    newer
+                    {{ i18n.t('dialogs.newer') }}
                   </span>
                 }
               </div>
@@ -66,11 +65,11 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
                   class="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground"
                 />
                 <span class="font-mono tabular-nums">
-                  {{ isDir() ? '—' : formatSize(side.entry.size) }}
+                  {{ isDir() ? '—' : i18n.size(side.entry.size) }}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <div class="mt-1 font-mono text-[11px] tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-                {{ formatDate(side.entry.mtime) }}
+                {{ i18n.date(side.entry.mtime) }}
               </div>
             </div>
           }
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
             (click)="pick('cancel')"
             class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
           >
-            Cancel
+            {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
           </button>
           <div class="flex-1"></div>
           @if (request().total > 1) {
@@ -90,13 +89,13 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
               (click)="pick('skipAll')"
               class="rounded-md px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
             >
-              Skip all
+              {{ i18n.t('dialogs.skipAll') }}
             </button>
             <button
               (click)="pick('overwriteAll')"
               class="rounded-md px-2.5 py-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
             >
-              {{ isDir() ? 'Merge all' : 'Replace all' }}
+              {{ isDir() ? i18n.t('dialogs.mergeAll') : i18n.t('dialogs.replaceAll') }}
             </button>
             <div class="h-4 w-px bg-border"></div>
           }
@@ -104,14 +103,14 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
             (click)="pick('skip')"
             class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
           >
-            Skip
+            {{ i18n.t('dialogs.skip') }}
           </button>
           <button
             #primaryBtn
             (click)="pick('overwrite')"
             class="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90"
           >
-            {{ isDir() ? 'Merge' : 'Replace' }}
+            {{ isDir() ? i18n.t('dialogs.merge') : i18n.t('dialogs.replace') }}
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -119,10 +118,9 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
   `,
 })
 export class OverwriteDialog {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly request = input.required<OverwriteRequest>();
 
-  readonly formatSize = formatSize;
-  readonly formatDate = formatDate;
 
   private readonly dialogs = inject(DialogsService);
   private readonly focus = inject(FocusService);
@@ -137,8 +135,8 @@ export class OverwriteDialog {
   readonly comparison = computed(() => {
     const { srcEntry, dstEntry } = this.request();
     return [
-      { label: 'Source', entry: srcEntry, newer: srcEntry.mtime > dstEntry.mtime },
-      { label: 'Destination', entry: dstEntry, newer: dstEntry.mtime > srcEntry.mtime },
+      { label: 'source', entry: srcEntry, newer: srcEntry.mtime > dstEntry.mtime },
+      { label: 'destination', entry: dstEntry, newer: dstEntry.mtime > srcEntry.mtime },
     ];
   });
 

ui/src/app/dialogs/prompt-dialog.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   signal,
   viewChild,
 } from '@angular/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { DialogsService, type PromptRequest } from '../dialogs.service';
 import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
 
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
             (click)="cancel()"
             class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
           >
-            Cancel
+            {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
           </button>
           <button
             (click)="submit()"
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ import { FocusService } from '../focus.service';
   `,
 })
 export class PromptDialog {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly request = input.required<PromptRequest>();
   readonly value = signal('');
 

ui/src/app/editor-window/editor-window.html

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
     <div class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-center">
       <div class="max-w-sm rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-6 text-center shadow-sm">
         <ng-icon name="mynaXCircle" size="1.5rem" class="text-destructive" />
-        <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">No file to edit</p>
+        <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">{{ i18n.t('editor.noFileTitle') }}</p>
         <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          This window was opened without an editor context. Launch files from the app.
+          {{ i18n.t('editor.noFileBody') }}
         </p>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -28,17 +28,17 @@
       <div class="flex-1"></div>
       <button
         (click)="toggleWrap()"
-        [title]="'Wrap long lines — hides line numbers (' + altLabel + 'Z)'"
+        [title]="i18n.t('editor.wrapHint', { alt: altLabel })"
         class="rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-[11px] electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent"
         [class.bg-accent]="wrap()"
         [class.text-foreground]="wrap()"
         [class.text-muted-foreground]="!wrap()"
       >
-        Wrap
+        {{ i18n.t('editor.wrap') }}
       </button>
       <button
         (click)="openFind()"
-        [title]="'Find (' + modLabel + 'F)'"
+        [title]="i18n.t('editor.findHint', { mod: modLabel })"
         class="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
       >
         <ng-icon name="mynaSearch" size="0.85rem" />
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
           [value]="findQuery()"
           (input)="onFindInput($any($event.target).value)"
           (keydown)="onFindKeydown($event)"
-          placeholder="Find in file"
+          [placeholder]="i18n.t('editor.findPlaceholder')"
           spellcheck="false"
           class="h-6 w-56 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-2 text-xs outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
         />
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@
         </span>
         <button
           (click)="findStep(-1)"
-          title="Previous match (⇧↵)"
+          [title]="i18n.t('editor.prevMatch')"
           class="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
         >
           <ng-icon name="mynaChevronUp" size="0.8rem" />
         </button>
         <button
           (click)="findStep(1)"
-          title="Next match (↵)"
+          [title]="i18n.t('editor.nextMatch')"
           class="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
         >
           <ng-icon name="mynaChevronDown" size="0.8rem" />
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
         <div class="flex-1"></div>
         <button
           (click)="closeFind()"
-          title="Close (Esc)"
+          [title]="i18n.t('editor.closeHint')"
           class="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
         >
           <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.8rem" />
@@ -94,8 +94,7 @@
         class="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2 border-b border-border bg-destructive/10 px-3 py-1.5 text-[11px] text-destructive"
       >
         <ng-icon name="mynaXCircle" size="0.85rem" class="shrink-0" />
-        Disconnected from {{ ctx.sessionTitle }} — saving will fail, but your text is preserved
-        in this window.
+        {{ i18n.t('editor.disconnected', { name: ctx.sessionTitle }) }}
       </div>
     }
 
@@ -107,13 +106,13 @@
       <div class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-center">
         <div class="max-w-md rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-6 text-center shadow-sm">
           <ng-icon name="mynaXCircle" size="1.5rem" class="text-destructive" />
-          <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">Can't open {{ ctx.name }}</p>
+          <p class="mt-2 text-sm font-medium">{{ i18n.t('editor.cantOpen', { name: ctx.name }) }}</p>
           <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ error }}</p>
           <button
             (click)="discardAndClose()"
             class="mt-4 rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
           >
-            Close Window
+            {{ i18n.t('editor.closeWindow') }}
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -142,17 +141,17 @@
       </div>
 
       <footer class="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2 border-t border-border px-4 py-2">
-        <span class="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{{ modLabel }}S save · {{ modLabel }}F find · {{ modLabel }}W close</span>
+        <span class="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('editor.shortcuts', { mod: modLabel }) }}</span>
         <span class="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">·</span>
         <span class="text-[11px] tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-          {{ lineCount() }} {{ lineCount() === 1 ? 'line' : 'lines' }}
+          {{ i18n.t('editor.lines', { count: lineCount() }) }}
         </span>
         <div class="flex-1"></div>
         <button
           (click)="requestClose()"
           class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
         >
-          Close
+          {{ i18n.t('editor.close') }}
         </button>
         <button
           (click)="save()"
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@
           @if (saving()) {
             <ng-icon name="mynaSpinner" size="0.85rem" class="animate-spin" />
           }
-          Save
+          {{ i18n.t('common.save') }}
         </button>
       </footer>
     }
@@ -175,30 +174,30 @@
           class="w-96 rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-4 text-card-foreground shadow-xl"
           (mousedown)="$event.stopPropagation()"
         >
-          <h2 class="text-sm font-semibold">Save changes to "{{ ctx.name }}"?</h2>
+          <h2 class="text-sm font-semibold">{{ i18n.t('editor.saveChangesTitle', { name: ctx.name }) }}</h2>
           <p class="mt-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-            Your changes will be lost if you don't save them.
+            {{ i18n.t('editor.saveChangesBody') }}
           </p>
           <div class="mt-4 flex items-center gap-2">
             <button
               (click)="discardAndClose()"
               class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-destructive hover:bg-accent"
             >
-              Don't Save
+              {{ i18n.t('editor.dontSave') }}
             </button>
             <div class="flex-1"></div>
             <button
               (click)="cancelClose()"
               class="rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-accent"
             >
-              Cancel
+              {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
             </button>
             <button
               (click)="saveAndClose()"
               [disabled]="saving()"
               class="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90 disabled:opacity-50"
             >
-              Save
+              {{ i18n.t('common.save') }}
             </button>
           </div>
         </div>

ui/src/app/editor-window/editor-window.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   viewChild,
 } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { ALT_LABEL, blockNativeContextMenu, EDITOR_CONTEXT, IS_MAC_CHROME, MOD_LABEL } from '../platform';
 import { RpcService } from '../rpc.service';
 import { SettingsService } from '../settings.service';
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const DRAFT_DEBOUNCE_MS = 400;
   },
 })
 export class EditorWindow {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly ctx = EDITOR_CONTEXT;
   readonly isMacChrome = IS_MAC_CHROME;
   readonly modLabel = MOD_LABEL;
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ export class EditorWindow {
       }
       this.savedContent.set(content);
       this.lastSentDirty = false; // bun record already cleaned by the handler
-      this.toast.success(`Saved ${this.ctx!.name}`);
+      this.toast.success(this.i18n.t('toasts.saved', { name: this.ctx!.name }));
       return true;
     } finally {
       this.saving.set(false);

ui/src/app/file-actions.service.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { type PanelState, type Side } from './panels.service';
 import { IS_WINDOWS } from './platform';
 import { RpcService } from './rpc.service';
 import { SettingsService } from './settings.service';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { ToastService } from './toast.service';
 
 /** The row (or empty space) the user last right-clicked; ctx-* actions apply here. */
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ export interface MenuTarget {
  */
 @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
 export class FileActionsService {
+  private readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   private readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
   private readonly toast = inject(ToastService);
   private readonly dialogs = inject(DialogsService);
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ export class FileActionsService {
   async trash(panel: PanelState, entry: FileEntry): Promise<void> {
     const res = await this.rpc.request.moveToTrash({ path: entry.path });
     if (!res.ok) this.toast.error(res.error);
-    else this.toast.info(`Moved "${entry.name}" to Trash`);
+    else this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.movedToTrash', { name: entry.name }));
     await panel.refresh();
   }
 
@@ -58,9 +60,9 @@ export class FileActionsService {
 
   mkdir(panel: PanelState): void {
     this.dialogs.prompt.set({
-      title: 'New folder',
-      placeholder: 'folder name',
-      confirmLabel: 'Create',
+      title: this.i18n.t('fileActions.newFolderTitle'),
+      placeholder: this.i18n.t('fileActions.newFolderPlaceholder'),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('fileActions.createConfirm'),
       onConfirm: async (name) => {
         const res = await this.rpc.request.mkdir({
           sessionId: panel.sessionId(),
@@ -74,9 +76,9 @@ export class FileActionsService {
 
   createFile(panel: PanelState): void {
     this.dialogs.prompt.set({
-      title: 'New file',
-      placeholder: 'file name',
-      confirmLabel: 'Create',
+      title: this.i18n.t('fileActions.newFileTitle'),
+      placeholder: this.i18n.t('fileActions.newFilePlaceholder'),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('fileActions.createConfirm'),
       onConfirm: async (name) => {
         const res = await this.rpc.request.createFile({
           sessionId: panel.sessionId(),
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ export class FileActionsService {
       if (!res.ok) {
         this.toast.error(res.error);
       } else if (res.watching) {
-        this.toast.info(`Editing ${entry.name} — saves upload automatically`);
+        this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.editingExternal', { name: entry.name }));
       }
       return;
     }
@@ -120,9 +122,9 @@ export class FileActionsService {
     const entry = panel.sorted()[panel.cursor()];
     if (!entry || entry.name === '..') return;
     this.dialogs.prompt.set({
-      title: `Rename "${entry.name}"`,
+      title: this.i18n.t('fileActions.renameTitle', { name: entry.name }),
       initial: entry.name,
-      confirmLabel: 'Rename',
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('fileActions.renameConfirm'),
       onConfirm: async (name) => {
         if (name === entry.name) return;
         const res = await this.rpc.request.rename({
@@ -140,11 +142,13 @@ export class FileActionsService {
     const targets = this.targets(panel);
     if (!targets.length) return;
     const what =
-      targets.length === 1 ? `"${targets[0].name}"` : `${targets.length} items`;
+      targets.length === 1
+        ? `"${targets[0].name}"`
+        : this.i18n.t('fileActions.itemsCount', { count: targets.length });
     this.dialogs.confirm.set({
-      title: 'Delete',
-      body: `Delete ${what}? Folders are deleted recursively. This cannot be undone.`,
-      confirmLabel: 'Delete',
+      title: this.i18n.t('fileActions.deleteTitle'),
+      body: this.i18n.t('fileActions.deleteBody', { what }),
+      confirmLabel: this.i18n.t('fileActions.deleteConfirm'),
       destructive: true,
       onConfirm: async () => {
         const res = await this.rpc.request.deleteEntries({

ui/src/app/file-icons.ts

@@ -64,22 +64,25 @@ function categoryOf(name: string): Category | null {
   return EXT_CATEGORY.get(key) ?? null;
 }
 
-const KIND_LABELS: Record<Category, string> = {
-  image: 'Image',
-  audio: 'Audio',
-  video: 'Video',
-  archive: 'Archive',
-  code: 'Code',
-  doc: 'Document',
+const KIND_KEYS: Record<Category, string> = {
+  image: 'image',
+  audio: 'audio',
+  video: 'video',
+  archive: 'archive',
+  code: 'code',
+  doc: 'document',
 };
 
-/** Human label for the optional Kind column (category-based, like the icons). */
-export function fileKind(entry: FileEntry): string {
+/**
+ * i18n key suffix for the optional Kind column (category-based, like the
+ * icons); '' for the synthetic '..' row. The caller resolves `kinds.<suffix>`.
+ */
+export function fileKindKey(entry: FileEntry): string {
   if (entry.name === '..') return '';
-  if (entry.type === 'dir') return 'Folder';
-  if (entry.type === 'symlink') return 'Symlink';
+  if (entry.type === 'dir') return 'folder';
+  if (entry.type === 'symlink') return 'symlink';
   const category = categoryOf(entry.name);
-  return category ? KIND_LABELS[category] : 'File';
+  return category ? KIND_KEYS[category] : 'file';
 }
 
 export function fileGlyph(entry: FileEntry, multi: boolean): string {

ui/src/app/file-panel/file-panel.html

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   <button
     (click)="toggleMenu()"
     class="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-(length:--path-font) font-medium hover:bg-accent"
-    title="Choose what this panel shows"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.choosePanel')"
   >
     @if (panel().connecting()) {
       <ng-icon name="mynaSpinner" class="shrink-0 animate-spin text-primary" size="var(--action-icon)" />
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
         size="var(--action-icon)"
       />
     }
-    <span class="truncate">{{ panel().title() }}</span>
+    <span class="truncate">{{ isRemote() ? panel().title() : i18n.t('common.local') }}</span>
     <ng-icon
       name="mynaChevronDown"
       class="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground"
@@ -27,38 +27,38 @@
        labels when the panel is wide enough (container query). -->
   <button
     (click)="copyToOther()"
-    [title]="side() === 'left' ? 'Copy to right panel (F5)' : 'Copy to left panel (F5)'"
+    [title]="side() === 'left' ? i18n.t('panel.copyToRight') : i18n.t('panel.copyToLeft')"
     class="flex h-(--action-h) shrink-0 items-center rounded-md px-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-primary"
   >
     <ng-icon [name]="copyIcon()" size="var(--action-icon)" />
-    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">Copy</span>
+    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">{{ i18n.t('panel.copy') }}</span>
   </button>
   <button
     (click)="run('edit')"
-    title="Edit file (F4)"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.editFile')"
     class="flex h-(--action-h) shrink-0 items-center rounded-md px-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaFileText" size="var(--action-icon)" />
-    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">Edit</span>
+    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">{{ i18n.t('panel.edit') }}</span>
   </button>
   <button
     (click)="run('rename')"
-    title="Rename (F2)"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.rename')"
     class="flex h-(--action-h) shrink-0 items-center rounded-md px-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaEdit" size="var(--action-icon)" />
-    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">Rename</span>
+    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">{{ i18n.t('common.rename') }}</span>
   </button>
   <button
     (click)="run('mkdir')"
-    title="New folder (F7)"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.newFolder')"
     class="grid size-(--action-h) shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaFolderPlus" size="var(--action-icon)" />
   </button>
   <button
     (click)="run('createFile')"
-    title="New file"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.newFile')"
     class="grid size-(--action-h) shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaFilePlus" size="var(--action-icon)" />
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
   @if (chmodAvailable()) {
     <button
       (click)="run('chmod')"
-      title="Permissions"
+      [title]="i18n.t('panel.permissions')"
       class="grid size-(--action-h) shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
     >
       <ng-icon name="mynaLock" size="var(--action-icon)" />
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@
   }
   <button
     (click)="run('delete')"
-    title="Delete (F8 / Del)"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.deleteHint')"
     class="flex h-(--action-h) shrink-0 items-center rounded-md px-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-destructive"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="var(--action-icon)" />
-    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">Delete</span>
+    <span class="ml-1 hidden text-(length:--action-font) @[30rem]:inline">{{ i18n.t('common.delete') }}</span>
   </button>
 
   @if (menuOpen()) {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
         class="flex w-full items-center gap-2 px-3 py-1.5 text-left text-(length:--path-font) hover:bg-accent"
       >
         <ng-icon name="mynaHardDrive" size="var(--action-icon)" class="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
-        <span class="flex-1">Local</span>
+        <span class="flex-1">{{ i18n.t('common.local') }}</span>
         @if (!isRemote()) {
           <ng-icon name="mynaCheck" size="0.85rem" class="shrink-0 text-primary" />
         }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
   <button
     (click)="panel().up()"
     [disabled]="blocked()"
-    title="Parent directory (Backspace)"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.parentDir')"
     class="grid size-(--path-ctl-h) shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50 disabled:hover:bg-transparent"
   >
     <ng-icon name="mynaArrowUp" size="1rem" />
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
   <button
     (click)="panel().refresh()"
     [disabled]="blocked()"
-    title="Refresh"
+    [title]="i18n.t('panel.refresh')"
     class="grid size-(--path-ctl-h) shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50 disabled:hover:bg-transparent"
   >
     @if (panel().loading()) {
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
   class="grid border-b border-border text-[11px] font-medium text-muted-foreground"
 >
   <button class="px-2 py-1 text-left hover:text-foreground" (click)="panel().toggleSort('name')">
-    Name {{ sortIndicator('name') }}
+    {{ i18n.t('columns.name') }} {{ sortIndicator('name') }}
   </button>
   @for (col of visibleColumns(); track col.key) {
     <button
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
       [class.text-left]="col.key !== 'size'"
       (click)="panel().toggleSort(col.key)"
     >
-      {{ col.label }} {{ sortIndicator(col.key) }}
+      {{ i18n.t('columns.' + col.key) }} {{ sortIndicator(col.key) }}
     </button>
   }
 </div>
@@ -218,11 +218,11 @@
     <ng-icon name="mynaSearch" size="0.85rem" class="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground" />
     <span class="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-xs">{{ query }}</span>
     <span class="shrink-0 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-      {{ filterMatches() }} match{{ filterMatches() === 1 ? '' : 'es' }} · Esc
+      {{ i18n.t('panel.matches', { count: filterMatches() }) }}
     </span>
     <button
       (click)="clearFilter()"
-      title="Clear filter (Esc)"
+      [title]="i18n.t('panel.clearFilter')"
       class="grid size-5 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
     >
       <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.8rem" />
@@ -245,13 +245,13 @@
       <div class="flex flex-col items-center gap-3">
         <ng-icon name="mynaSpinner" size="1.4rem" class="animate-spin text-primary" />
         <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          Connecting to {{ panel().connectingTo() }}…
+          {{ i18n.t('panel.connectingTo', { name: panel().connectingTo() ?? '' }) }}
         </span>
         <button
           (click)="cancelConnect()"
           class="rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
         >
-          Cancel
+          {{ i18n.t('common.cancel') }}
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -290,6 +290,8 @@
             <span class="truncate px-2 text-(length:--list-meta-font) text-muted-foreground">
               {{ fileKind(entry) }}
             </span>
+            <!-- fileKind is localized in file-panel.ts via i18n -->
+
           }
           @case ('rights') {
             <span class="px-2 font-mono text-(length:--list-meta-font) text-muted-foreground">
@@ -310,10 +312,10 @@
       }
     </div>
   } @empty {
-    <div class="p-6 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">Empty directory</div>
+    <div class="p-6 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('panel.emptyDir') }}</div>
   }
   @if (panel().filter() && filterMatches() === 0) {
-    <div class="p-6 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">No matches</div>
+    <div class="p-6 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('panel.noMatches') }}</div>
   }
   }
 </div>

ui/src/app/file-panel/file-panel.ts

@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ import {
   viewChild,
 } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import type { ColumnKey, FileEntry, SavedConnection, SshConfigHost } from '@shared/types';
 import { ConnectionsService } from '../connections.service';
 import { DialogsService } from '../dialogs.service';
 import { FileActionsService } from '../file-actions.service';
-import { fileGlyph, fileIconClass, fileKind } from '../file-icons';
-import { formatDate, formatMode, formatSize } from '../format';
+import { fileGlyph, fileIconClass, fileKindKey } from '../file-icons';
+import { formatMode } from '../format';
 import { PanelsService, type Side, type SortKey } from '../panels.service';
 import { IS_WINDOWS } from '../platform';
 import { RpcService } from '../rpc.service';
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const COLUMN_DEFS: { key: ColumnKey; label: string; width: string }[] = [
   host: { class: '@container flex min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden' },
 })
 export class FilePanel {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly side = input.required<Side>();
 
   readonly panels = inject(PanelsService);
@@ -65,10 +67,15 @@ export class FilePanel {
   private readonly listEl = viewChild.required<ElementRef<HTMLDivElement>>('list');
   private lastClickedIndex = 0;
 
-  readonly formatSize = formatSize;
-  readonly formatDate = formatDate;
+  // locale-reactive wrappers: reading i18n.locale() inside makes the file-list
+  // cells re-render on a language switch (see i18n.service reactive t())
+  readonly formatSize = (bytes: number): string => this.i18n.size(bytes);
+  readonly formatDate = (ms: number): string => this.i18n.date(ms);
   readonly formatMode = formatMode;
-  readonly fileKind = fileKind;
+  readonly fileKind = (entry: FileEntry): string => {
+    const key = fileKindKey(entry);
+    return key ? this.i18n.t('kinds.' + key) : '';
+  };
 
   /** The optional columns currently shown, in canonical order. */
   readonly visibleColumns = computed(() => {

ui/src/app/format.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,51 @@
 const SIZE_UNITS = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
 
-export function formatSize(bytes: number): string {
+/** Locale-aware number formatting (decimal separator); cached per locale. */
+const NUM_FORMATS = new Map<string, Intl.NumberFormat>();
+function num(value: number, locale: string | undefined): string {
+  const key = locale ?? '';
+  let fmt = NUM_FORMATS.get(key);
+  if (!fmt) {
+    fmt = new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, { maximumFractionDigits: 1 });
+    NUM_FORMATS.set(key, fmt);
+  }
+  return fmt.format(value);
+}
+
+export function formatSize(bytes: number, locale?: string): string {
   let value = bytes;
   let unit = 0;
   while (value >= 1024 && unit < SIZE_UNITS.length - 1) {
     value /= 1024;
     unit++;
   }
-  return `${unit === 0 ? value : value.toFixed(1)} ${SIZE_UNITS[unit]}`;
+  return `${unit === 0 ? num(value, locale) : num(Number(value.toFixed(1)), locale)} ${SIZE_UNITS[unit]}`;
 }
 
-const DATE_FORMAT = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(undefined, {
+const DATE_FORMATS = new Map<string, Intl.DateTimeFormat>();
+export function formatDate(epochMs: number, locale?: string): string {
+  if (!epochMs) return '';
+  const key = locale ?? '';
+  let fmt = DATE_FORMATS.get(key);
+  if (!fmt) {
+    fmt = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, {
       year: '2-digit',
       month: '2-digit',
       day: '2-digit',
       hour: '2-digit',
       minute: '2-digit',
-});
-
-export function formatDate(epochMs: number): string {
-  if (!epochMs) return '';
-  return DATE_FORMAT.format(new Date(epochMs));
+    });
+    DATE_FORMATS.set(key, fmt);
+  }
+  return fmt.format(new Date(epochMs));
 }
 
 /** bytes/sec -> "14.2 MB/s" or "113.8 Mbps" depending on the configured unit. */
-export function formatSpeed(bytesPerSec: number, unit: 'MBps' | 'Mbps'): string {
+export function formatSpeed(bytesPerSec: number, unit: 'MBps' | 'Mbps', locale?: string): string {
   if (unit === 'Mbps') {
-    return `${((bytesPerSec * 8) / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)} Mbps`;
+    return `${num(Number(((bytesPerSec * 8) / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)), locale)} Mbps`;
   }
-  return `${formatSize(bytesPerSec)}/s`;
+  return `${formatSize(bytesPerSec, locale)}/s`;
 }
 
 /** Seconds -> "0:42" / "3:07" / "1:02:15". */

ui/src/app/i18n.service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { Injectable, computed, signal } from '@angular/core';
+import { DICTS, type Messages } from '@shared/i18n';
+import type { AppSettings, SupportedLocale } from '@shared/types';
+import { formatDate, formatSize, formatSpeed } from './format';
+
+type Params = Record<string, string | number>;
+
+function lookup(dict: Messages, key: string): string | Messages | undefined {
+  let node: string | Messages | undefined = dict;
+  for (const part of key.split('.')) {
+    if (typeof node !== 'object') return undefined;
+    node = node[part];
+  }
+  return node;
+}
+
+function interpolate(template: string, params?: Params): string {
+  if (!params) return template;
+  return template.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (_, name: string) =>
+    name in params ? String(params[name]) : `{${name}}`,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runtime translator. `t()` reads the `locale` signal, so any template binding
+ * that calls it re-renders live on a language switch (the same reactive
+ * function-call tracking the file-list icon classes rely on). Missing keys fall
+ * back to English, then to the raw key so gaps are visible in dev.
+ */
+@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
+export class I18nService {
+  readonly locale = signal<SupportedLocale>('en');
+  private readonly dict = computed(() => DICTS[this.locale()]);
+
+  t(key: string, params?: Params): string {
+    let value = lookup(this.dict(), key) ?? lookup(DICTS.en, key);
+    // plural map: pick the CLDR category for params.count (fallback to English)
+    if (value && typeof value === 'object') {
+      const count = Number(params?.['count'] ?? NaN);
+      if (Number.isFinite(count)) {
+        const rule = new Intl.PluralRules(this.locale()).select(count);
+        const picked = value[rule] ?? value['other'] ?? lookup(DICTS.en, `${key}.other`);
+        value = typeof picked === 'string' ? picked : undefined;
+      } else {
+        value = undefined;
+      }
+    }
+    return typeof value === 'string' ? interpolate(value, params) : key;
+  }
+
+  // Locale-reactive formatting (live-updates the file list on switch).
+  date(epochMs: number): string {
+    return formatDate(epochMs, this.locale());
+  }
+  size(bytes: number): string {
+    return formatSize(bytes, this.locale());
+  }
+  speed(bytesPerSec: number, unit: AppSettings['speedUnit']): string {
+    return formatSpeed(bytesPerSec, unit, this.locale());
+  }
+}

ui/src/app/panels.service.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { Injectable, computed, effect, inject, signal, type WritableSignal } from '@angular/core';
 import type { ColumnKey, ConnectionConfig, FileEntry, SavedConnection } from '@shared/types';
-import { fileKind } from './file-icons';
+import { fileKindKey } from './file-icons';
 import { FocusService } from './focus.service';
 import { formatMode, isRootPath, joinPath } from './format';
 import { RpcService } from './rpc.service';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { ToastService } from './toast.service';
 
 export type Side = 'left' | 'right';
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export type SortKey = 'name' | ColumnKey;
 
 /** Display string the text-based columns sort by. */
 function sortText(entry: FileEntry, key: 'kind' | 'rights' | 'owner' | 'group'): string {
-  if (key === 'kind') return fileKind(entry);
+  if (key === 'kind') return fileKindKey(entry);
   if (key === 'rights') return formatMode(entry.mode);
   return (key === 'owner' ? entry.owner : entry.group) ?? '';
 }
@@ -225,6 +226,7 @@ export interface Workspace {
 
 @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
 export class PanelsService {
+  private readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly workspaces = signal<Workspace[]>([]);
   readonly activeWorkspaceId = signal(0);
   readonly activeWorkspace = computed(() => {
@@ -248,7 +250,12 @@ export class PanelsService {
       for (const workspace of this.workspaces()) {
         for (const panel of [workspace.left, workspace.right]) {
           if (panel.sessionId() === event.sessionId) {
-            this.toast.error(`${panel.title()}: disconnected (${event.reason})`);
+            this.toast.error(
+              this.i18n.t('toasts.disconnectedReason', {
+                title: panel.title(),
+                reason: event.reason,
+              }),
+            );
             this.resetToLocal(panel);
           }
         }
@@ -453,7 +460,7 @@ export class PanelsService {
     const remoteTitles = [workspace.left, workspace.right]
       .filter((p) => p.sessionId() !== 'local')
       .map((p) => p.title());
-    return remoteTitles.length ? remoteTitles.join(' ⇄ ') : 'Local';
+    return remoteTitles.length ? remoteTitles.join(' ⇄ ') : this.i18n.t('common.local');
   }
 
   workspaceIsRemote(workspace: Workspace): boolean {

ui/src/app/settings.service.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 import { Injectable, computed, inject, signal } from '@angular/core';
+import { resolveLocale } from '@shared/i18n';
 import { DEFAULT_SETTINGS, type AppSettings, type ColumnKey } from '@shared/types';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { RpcService } from './rpc.service';
 
 @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
 export class SettingsService {
+  readonly locale = signal<AppSettings['locale']>(DEFAULT_SETTINGS.locale);
   readonly theme = signal<AppSettings['theme']>(DEFAULT_SETTINGS.theme);
   readonly darkTone = signal<AppSettings['darkTone']>(DEFAULT_SETTINGS.darkTone);
   readonly accent = signal<AppSettings['accent']>(DEFAULT_SETTINGS.accent);
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ export class SettingsService {
   // gate the poll/watch in panels.service on it, and add the tab-bar row below.
 
   private readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
+  private readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
 
   /** Whether the app is actually rendering dark right now (drives the Tone row). */
   readonly effectiveDark = computed(
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@ export class SettingsService {
   }
 
   private applyAll(settings: AppSettings): void {
+    this.locale.set(settings.locale);
     this.theme.set(settings.theme);
     this.darkTone.set(settings.darkTone);
     this.accent.set(settings.accent);
@@ -61,6 +66,13 @@ export class SettingsService {
     this.applyDarkTone();
     this.applyAccent();
     this.applyTextSize();
+    this.applyLocale();
+  }
+
+  setLocale(locale: AppSettings['locale']): void {
+    this.locale.set(locale);
+    this.applyLocale();
+    void this.persist();
   }
 
   setTheme(theme: AppSettings['theme']): void {
@@ -166,8 +178,13 @@ export class SettingsService {
     }
   }
 
+  private applyLocale(): void {
+    this.i18n.locale.set(resolveLocale(this.locale(), navigator.language));
+  }
+
   protected settings(): AppSettings {
     return {
+      locale: this.locale(),
       theme: this.theme(),
       darkTone: this.darkTone(),
       accent: this.accent(),

ui/src/app/status-bar/status-bar.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Component, computed, inject } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import type { TransferSnapshot } from '@shared/types';
 import { formatSpeed } from '../format';
 import { PanelsService } from '../panels.service';
@@ -17,26 +18,26 @@ import { TransfersService } from '../transfers.service';
       <button
         (click)="transfers.expanded.set(!transfers.expanded())"
         class="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5 hover:text-foreground"
-        title="Show transfer details"
+        [title]="i18n.t('transfer.showDetails')"
       >
         @if (transfers.currentJob(); as job) {
           <ng-icon name="mynaSpinner" size="0.8rem" class="shrink-0 animate-spin text-primary" />
           <span class="truncate">
-            Copying {{ job.name }} · {{ percent(job) }}%{{ speedSuffix(job) }}
+            {{ i18n.t('transfer.copying', { name: job.name, percent: percent(job), speed: speedSuffix(job) }) }}
             @if (transfers.queuedCount(); as queued) {
-              · {{ queued }} queued
+              · {{ i18n.t('transfer.queued', { count: queued }) }}
             }
           </span>
         } @else if (transfers.failedJobs().length; as failed) {
           <ng-icon name="mynaXCircle" size="0.8rem" class="shrink-0 text-destructive" />
           <span class="text-destructive">
-            {{ failed }} transfer{{ failed === 1 ? '' : 's' }} failed
+            {{ i18n.t('transfer.failed', { count: failed }) }}
           </span>
         } @else if (transfers.hasJobs()) {
           <ng-icon name="mynaCheckCircle" size="0.8rem" class="shrink-0 text-success" />
-          <span>Transfers finished</span>
+          <span>{{ i18n.t('transfer.finished') }}</span>
         } @else {
-          <span>Ready</span>
+          <span>{{ i18n.t('transfer.ready') }}</span>
         }
       </button>
 
@@ -47,16 +48,19 @@ import { TransfersService } from '../transfers.service';
           size="0.8rem"
           [class.text-primary]="activePanel().sessionId() !== 'local'"
         />
-        <span class="max-w-56 truncate">{{ activePanel().title() }}</span>
-        <span>· {{ activePanel().sorted().length }} items</span>
+        <span class="max-w-56 truncate">
+          {{ activePanel().sessionId() === 'local' ? i18n.t('common.local') : activePanel().title() }}
+        </span>
+        <span>· {{ i18n.t('transfer.items', { count: activePanel().sorted().length }) }}</span>
         @if (activePanel().selected().size; as count) {
-          <span>· {{ count }} selected</span>
+          <span>· {{ i18n.t('transfer.selected', { count }) }}</span>
         }
       </div>
     </div>
   `,
 })
 export class StatusBar {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly transfers = inject(TransfersService);
   readonly panels = inject(PanelsService);
   readonly settings = inject(SettingsService);

ui/src/app/tab-bar/tab-bar.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import { Component, ElementRef, effect, inject, signal, viewChild } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
 import { BRANDING } from '@shared/branding';
+import { LOCALE_LABELS, SUPPORTED } from '@shared/i18n';
 import type { AccentTone } from '@shared/types';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { PanelsService } from '../panels.service';
 import { IS_MAC_CHROME, MOD_LABEL } from '../platform';
 import { RpcService } from '../rpc.service';
@@ -10,16 +12,17 @@ import { SettingsService } from '../settings.service';
 const THEMES = ['system', 'light', 'dark'] as const;
 const DARK_TONES = ['dark', 'darker'] as const;
 // Swatch colors are fixed mid-tones so every dot reads on both light and dark
-// cards (the live --primary values would vanish against one of them).
-const ACCENTS: readonly { value: AccentTone; swatch: string; label: string }[] = [
-  { value: 'graphite', swatch: 'oklch(0.552 0.016 285.9)', label: 'Graphite' },
-  { value: 'blue', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 255)', label: 'Blue' },
-  { value: 'indigo', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.19 277)', label: 'Indigo' },
-  { value: 'purple', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 305)', label: 'Purple' },
-  { value: 'rose', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 8)', label: 'Rose' },
-  { value: 'orange', swatch: 'oklch(0.68 0.17 50)', label: 'Orange' },
-  { value: 'green', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.15 150)', label: 'Green' },
-  { value: 'teal', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.12 185)', label: 'Teal' },
+// cards (the live --primary values would vanish against one of them). Names are
+// translated via options.accentNames.<value>.
+const ACCENTS: readonly { value: AccentTone; swatch: string }[] = [
+  { value: 'graphite', swatch: 'oklch(0.552 0.016 285.9)' },
+  { value: 'blue', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 255)' },
+  { value: 'indigo', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.19 277)' },
+  { value: 'purple', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 305)' },
+  { value: 'rose', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.17 8)' },
+  { value: 'orange', swatch: 'oklch(0.68 0.17 50)' },
+  { value: 'green', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.15 150)' },
+  { value: 'teal', swatch: 'oklch(0.65 0.12 185)' },
 ];
 const SPEED_UNITS = [
   { value: 'MBps', label: 'MB/s' },
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           @if (panels.workspaces().length > 1) {
             <button
               (click)="close($event, ws.id)"
-              [title]="'Close tab (' + modLabel + 'W)'"
+              [title]="i18n.t('tabBar.closeTab', { mod: modLabel })"
               class="mr-1 grid size-4 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100 hover:bg-border hover:text-foreground"
             >
               <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.7rem" />
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
       </div>
       <button
         (click)="panels.newWorkspace()"
-        [title]="'New tab (' + modLabel + 'T)'"
+        [title]="i18n.t('tabBar.newTab', { mod: modLabel })"
         class="ml-0.5 grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
       >
         <ng-icon name="mynaPlus" size=".8rem" />
@@ -105,17 +108,17 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
       <!-- connection manager (own native window) -->
       <button
         (click)="openManager()"
-        title="Manage connections"
+        [title]="i18n.t('tabBar.manageConnections')"
         class="grid h-6 px-2 py-1 place-items-center rounded-md text-[11px] text-muted-foreground electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
       >
         <!-- <ng-icon name="mynaCog" size="0.9rem" /> -->
-         Connections
+         {{ i18n.t('tabBar.connections') }}
       </button>
 
       <!-- global options -->
       <button
         (click)="settingsOpen.set(!settingsOpen())"
-        title="Options"
+        [title]="i18n.t('tabBar.options')"
         class="grid size-6 place-items-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
       >
         <ng-icon name="mynaDots" size="1.5rem" />
@@ -124,22 +127,39 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
       @if (settingsOpen()) {
         <div class="fixed inset-0 z-20" (click)="settingsOpen.set(false)"></div>
         <div
-          class="absolute top-full right-1.5 z-30 mt-1 w-64 rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-3 text-card-foreground shadow-xl electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag"
+          class="absolute top-full right-1.5 z-30 mt-1 w-70 rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-3 text-card-foreground shadow-xl electrobun-webkit-app-region-no-drag"
         >
-          <h3 class="text-xs font-semibold">Options</h3>
+          <h3 class="text-xs font-semibold">{{ i18n.t('options.title') }}</h3>
 
           <div class="mt-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Theme</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.language') }}</span>
+            <select
+              (change)="settings.setLocale($any($event.target).value)"
+              class="h-7 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-1.5 text-[11px] outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring"
+            >
+              <option value="system" [selected]="settings.locale() === 'system'">
+                {{ i18n.t('options.system') }}
+              </option>
+              @for (loc of localeOptions; track loc) {
+                <option [value]="loc" [selected]="settings.locale() === loc">
+                  {{ localeLabels[loc] }}
+                </option>
+              }
+            </select>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.theme.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               @for (theme of themes; track theme) {
                 <button
                   (click)="settings.setTheme(theme)"
-                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] capitalize"
+                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px]"
                   [class.bg-accent]="settings.theme() === theme"
                   [class.text-foreground]="settings.theme() === theme"
                   [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.theme() !== theme"
                 >
-                  {{ theme }}
+                  {{ i18n.t('options.theme.' + theme) }}
                 </button>
               }
             </div>
@@ -147,17 +167,17 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
 
           @if (settings.effectiveDark()) {
             <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-              <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Tone</span>
+              <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.tone.label') }}</span>
               <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
                 @for (tone of darkTones; track tone) {
                   <button
                     (click)="settings.setDarkTone(tone)"
-                    class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] capitalize"
+                    class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px]"
                     [class.bg-accent]="settings.darkTone() === tone"
                     [class.text-foreground]="settings.darkTone() === tone"
                     [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.darkTone() !== tone"
                   >
-                    {{ tone }}
+                    {{ i18n.t('options.tone.' + tone) }}
                   </button>
                 }
               </div>
@@ -165,12 +185,12 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           }
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Accent</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.accent.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex items-center gap-1.5">
               @for (tone of accents; track tone.value) {
                 <button
                   (click)="settings.setAccent(tone.value)"
-                  [title]="tone.label"
+                  [title]="i18n.t('options.accentNames.' + tone.value)"
                   class="size-3 rounded-full border border-foreground/15"
                   [style.background-color]="tone.swatch"
                   [class.ring-2]="settings.accent() === tone.value"
@@ -183,41 +203,41 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           </div>
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">File icons</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.fileIcons.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               @for (mode of iconColorModes; track mode) {
                 <button
                   (click)="settings.setIconColors(mode)"
-                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] capitalize"
+                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px]"
                   [class.bg-accent]="settings.iconColors() === mode"
                   [class.text-foreground]="settings.iconColors() === mode"
                   [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.iconColors() !== mode"
                 >
-                  {{ mode }}
+                  {{ i18n.t('options.fileIcons.' + mode) }}
                 </button>
               }
             </div>
           </div>
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Interface</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.interface.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               @for (size of textSizes; track size) {
                 <button
                   (click)="settings.setTextSize(size)"
-                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] capitalize"
+                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px]"
                   [class.bg-accent]="settings.textSize() === size"
                   [class.text-foreground]="settings.textSize() === size"
                   [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.textSize() !== size"
                 >
-                  {{ size }}
+                  {{ i18n.t('options.interface.' + size) }}
                 </button>
               }
             </div>
           </div>
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Speed unit</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.speedUnit.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               @for (unit of speedUnits; track unit.value) {
                 <button
@@ -234,17 +254,17 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           </div>
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Transfers</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.transfers.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               @for (mode of transferModes; track mode) {
                 <button
                   (click)="settings.setTransferMode(mode)"
-                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] capitalize"
+                  class="rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px]"
                   [class.bg-accent]="settings.transferMode() === mode"
                   [class.text-foreground]="settings.transferMode() === mode"
                   [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.transferMode() !== mode"
                 >
-                  {{ mode }}
+                  {{ i18n.t('options.transfers.' + mode) }}
                 </button>
               }
             </div>
@@ -252,7 +272,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
 
           @if (settings.transferMode() === 'multi') {
             <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2 pl-3">
-              <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">At once</span>
+              <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.atOnce') }}</span>
               <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
                 @for (count of concurrencyChoices; track count) {
                   <button
@@ -270,7 +290,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           }
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Editor</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.editor.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               <button
                 (click)="settings.setEditor('builtin')"
@@ -279,7 +299,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
                 [class.text-foreground]="settings.editor() === 'builtin'"
                 [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.editor() !== 'builtin'"
               >
-                Built-in
+                {{ i18n.t('options.editor.builtin') }}
               </button>
               <button
                 (click)="settings.setEditor('custom')"
@@ -288,7 +308,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
                 [class.text-foreground]="settings.editor() === 'custom'"
                 [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.editor() !== 'custom'"
               >
-                Custom
+                {{ i18n.t('options.editor.custom') }}
               </button>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -303,12 +323,12 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
                   (click)="pickEditorApp()"
                   class="rounded-md border border-border px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] hover:bg-accent"
                 >
-                  Choose…
+                  {{ i18n.t('common.choose') }}
                 </button>
                 @if (settings.editorApp()) {
                   <button
                     (click)="settings.setEditorApp('')"
-                    title="Reset to system default"
+                    [title]="i18n.t('options.resetDefault')"
                     class="grid size-5 place-items-center rounded text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
                   >
                     <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.7rem" />
@@ -319,7 +339,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
           }
 
           <div class="mt-2.5 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Finished transfers</span>
+            <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{{ i18n.t('options.finishedTransfers.label') }}</span>
             <div class="flex rounded-md border border-border p-0.5">
               <button
                 (click)="settings.setAutoClearCompleted(true)"
@@ -328,7 +348,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
                 [class.text-foreground]="settings.autoClearCompleted()"
                 [class.text-muted-foreground]="!settings.autoClearCompleted()"
               >
-                Auto-clear
+                {{ i18n.t('options.finishedTransfers.autoClear') }}
               </button>
               <button
                 (click)="settings.setAutoClearCompleted(false)"
@@ -337,7 +357,7 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
                 [class.text-foreground]="!settings.autoClearCompleted()"
                 [class.text-muted-foreground]="settings.autoClearCompleted()"
               >
-                Keep
+                {{ i18n.t('options.finishedTransfers.keep') }}
               </button>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -374,8 +394,11 @@ const CONCURRENCY_CHOICES = [2, 3, 4, 6, 8] as const;
 export class TabBar {
   readonly panels = inject(PanelsService);
   readonly settings = inject(SettingsService);
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   private readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
   readonly settingsOpen = signal(false);
+  readonly localeOptions = SUPPORTED;
+  readonly localeLabels = LOCALE_LABELS;
   readonly isMacChrome = IS_MAC_CHROME;
   readonly modLabel = MOD_LABEL;
   readonly appName = BRANDING.appName;
@@ -413,7 +436,7 @@ export class TabBar {
   /** "Visual Studio Code.app" -> "Visual Studio Code"; empty -> system default. */
   editorAppName(): string {
     const path = this.settings.editorApp();
-    if (!path) return 'System default';
+    if (!path) return this.i18n.t('options.systemDefault');
     const base = path.split('/').filter(Boolean).pop() ?? path;
     return base.replace(/\.app$/i, '');
   }

ui/src/app/transfer-bar/transfer-bar.html

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 @if (transfers.expanded() && transfers.hasJobs()) {
   <div class="flex items-center justify-between border-t border-border px-3 py-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
     <span>
-      {{ transfers.activeJobs().length }} active · {{ transfers.finishedJobs().length }} finished
+      {{ i18n.t('transfer.summary', { active: transfers.activeJobs().length, finished: transfers.finishedJobs().length }) }}
     </span>
     <button
       (click)="transfers.clearFinished()"
       [disabled]="!transfers.finishedJobs().length"
       class="flex items-center gap-1 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-40 disabled:hover:bg-transparent"
     >
-      <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="0.75rem" /> Clear finished
+      <ng-icon name="mynaTrash" size="0.75rem" /> {{ i18n.t('transfer.clearFinished') }}
     </button>
   </div>
   <div class="max-h-40 overflow-y-auto border-t border-border">
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
         @if (isActive(job)) {
           <button
             (click)="transfers.cancel(job.id)"
-            title="Cancel"
+            [title]="i18n.t('transfer.cancel')"
             class="shrink-0 rounded p-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-destructive"
           >
             <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.9rem" />
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
         } @else {
           <button
             (click)="transfers.dismiss(job.id)"
-            title="Dismiss"
+            [title]="i18n.t('transfer.dismiss')"
             class="shrink-0 rounded p-1 text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground"
           >
             <ng-icon name="mynaX" size="0.9rem" />

ui/src/app/transfer-bar/transfer-bar.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { Component, inject } from '@angular/core';
 import { NgIcon } from '@ng-icons/core';
 import type { TransferSnapshot } from '@shared/types';
-import { formatEta, formatSize, formatSpeed } from '../format';
+import { formatEta } from '../format';
+import { I18nService } from '../i18n.service';
 import { SettingsService } from '../settings.service';
 import { TransfersService } from '../transfers.service';
 
@@ -11,18 +12,21 @@ import { TransfersService } from '../transfers.service';
   templateUrl: './transfer-bar.html',
 })
 export class TransferBar {
+  readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   readonly transfers = inject(TransfersService);
   readonly settings = inject(SettingsService);
-  readonly formatSize = formatSize;
+  readonly formatSize = (bytes: number): string => this.i18n.size(bytes);
 
   /** "14.2 MB/s · 0:42 left" while a job is moving bytes. */
   speedLabel(job: TransferSnapshot): string {
     if (job.state !== 'running') return '';
     const speed = this.transfers.speeds().get(job.id);
     if (!speed) return '';
-    const parts = [formatSpeed(speed, this.settings.speedUnit())];
+    const parts = [this.i18n.speed(speed, this.settings.speedUnit())];
     const remaining = job.totalBytes - job.doneBytes;
-    if (remaining > 0 && speed > 0) parts.push(`${formatEta(remaining / speed)} left`);
+    if (remaining > 0 && speed > 0) {
+      parts.push(this.i18n.t('transfer.left', { eta: formatEta(remaining / speed) }));
+    }
     return parts.join(' · ');
   }
 
@@ -61,15 +65,18 @@ export class TransferBar {
   }
 
   progressLabel(job: TransferSnapshot): string {
-    if (job.state === 'queued') return 'Queued';
-    if (job.state === 'scanning') return 'Scanning…';
+    if (job.state === 'queued') return this.i18n.t('transfer.queuedState');
+    if (job.state === 'scanning') return this.i18n.t('transfer.scanning');
     if (job.state === 'failed')
-      return `${job.currentFile ? `${job.currentFile} — ` : ''}${job.error ?? 'Failed'}`;
-    if (job.state === 'cancelled') return 'Cancelled';
+      return `${job.currentFile ? `${job.currentFile} — ` : ''}${job.error ?? this.i18n.t('transfer.failedState')}`;
+    if (job.state === 'cancelled') return this.i18n.t('transfer.cancelled');
     if (job.state === 'completed')
-      return `${job.doneFiles} file${job.doneFiles === 1 ? '' : 's'} · ${formatSize(job.doneBytes)}`;
+      return this.i18n.t('transfer.completedFiles', {
+        count: job.doneFiles,
+        size: this.i18n.size(job.doneBytes),
+      });
     const speed = this.speedLabel(job);
-    const base = `${job.currentFile} · ${formatSize(job.doneBytes)} / ${formatSize(job.totalBytes)}`;
+    const base = `${job.currentFile} · ${this.i18n.size(job.doneBytes)} / ${this.i18n.size(job.totalBytes)}`;
     return speed ? `${base} · ${speed}` : base;
   }
 }

ui/src/app/transfers.service.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { DialogsService } from './dialogs.service';
 import { PanelsService, type Side } from './panels.service';
 import { RpcService } from './rpc.service';
 import { SettingsService } from './settings.service';
+import { I18nService } from './i18n.service';
 import { ToastService } from './toast.service';
 
 const AUTO_DISMISS_COMPLETED_MS = 5000;
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ const SPEED_SMOOTHING = 0.7;
 
 @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
 export class TransfersService {
+  private readonly i18n = inject(I18nService);
   private readonly rpc = inject(RpcService);
   private readonly panels = inject(PanelsService);
   private readonly toast = inject(ToastService);
@@ -53,19 +55,19 @@ export class TransfersService {
       (e) => e.type !== 'symlink' && e.name !== '..',
     );
     if (!targets.length) {
-      this.toast.info('Nothing to copy (symlinks are skipped)');
+      this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.nothingToCopy'));
       return;
     }
     const sameFs = src.fsKey() === dst.fsKey();
     if (sameFs && src.cwd() === dst.cwd()) {
-      this.toast.info('Both panels show the same folder');
+      this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.sameFolder'));
       return;
     }
 
     const finalTargets = await this.resolveCollisions(targets, dst.entries(), sameFs);
     if (finalTargets === null) return; // user cancelled
     if (!finalTargets.length) {
-      this.toast.info('Nothing to copy — all conflicting items were skipped');
+      this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.nothingToCopyAllSkipped'));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -105,11 +107,11 @@ export class TransfersService {
       }
       if (sameFs && dstEntry.path === target.path) {
         // replacing a file with ITSELF would only destroy it — never offer that
-        this.toast.info(`Skipped "${target.name}" — it is the same file`);
+        this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.sameFile', { name: target.name }));
         continue;
       }
       if ((dstEntry.type === 'dir') !== (target.type === 'dir')) {
-        this.toast.info(`Skipped "${target.name}" — a different kind of item is in the way`);
+        this.toast.info(this.i18n.t('toasts.typeMismatch', { name: target.name }));
         continue;
       }
       if (mode === 'all') {
@@ -178,7 +180,12 @@ export class TransfersService {
       }
     } else if (snapshot.state === 'failed') {
       this.expanded.set(true);
-      this.toast.error(`Transfer "${snapshot.name}" failed: ${snapshot.error ?? 'unknown error'}`);
+      this.toast.error(
+        this.i18n.t('toasts.transferFailed', {
+          name: snapshot.name,
+          error: snapshot.error ?? this.i18n.t('toasts.unknownError'),
+        }),
+      );
       this.refreshPanelsOn(snapshot.dstSessionId);
     } else if (snapshot.state === 'cancelled') {
       this.refreshPanelsOn(snapshot.dstSessionId);